How to format your references using the Acta Orthopaedica citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Acta Orthopaedica. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Zimmerman PD. Science since 9/11: Homeland insecurity. Nature. 2011 Sep 7;477(7363):153–154.

A journal article with 2 authors

Einav L, Levin J. Economics in the age of big data. Science. 2014 Nov 7;346(6210):1243089.

A journal article with 3 authors

Lin X, Clark AC, Chan MHW. Probable heat capacity signature of the supersolid transition. Nature. 2007 Oct 25;449(7165):1025–1028.

A journal article with 99 or more authors

Smirnakis SM, Brewer AA, Schmid MC, Tolias AS, Schüz A, Augath M, Inhoffen W, Wandell BA, Logothetis NK. Lack of long-term cortical reorganization after macaque retinal lesions. Nature. 2005 May 19;435(7040):300–307.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Wootton RJ, Smith C. Reproductive Biology of Teleost Fishes. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2014.

An edited book

Hřebíček J, Schimak G, Kubásek M, Rizzoli AE, editors. Environmental Software Systems. Fostering Information Sharing: 10th IFIP WG 5.11 International Symposium, ISESS 2013, Neusiedl am See, Austria, October 9-11, 2013. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

Molina GA. Huemul – A Smalltalk Implementation. In: Hirschfeld R, Rose K, editors. Self-Sustaining Systems: First Workshop, S3 2008 Potsdam, Germany, May 15-16, 2008 Revised Selected Papers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2008. p. 54–73.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Acta Orthopaedica.

Blog post

Andrews R. Controversial “Anti-Aging” Young Blood Injection Trial Demands $8,000 From Each Volunteer [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [accessed 2018-10-30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/controversial-antiaging-young-blood-injection-trial-demands-8000-from-each-volunteer/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Medicaid: States’ Efforts to Maximize Federal Reimbursements Highlight Need for Improved Federal Oversight. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2005 Jun. Report No.: GAO-05-836T.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Annan F. Spatial pattern of yield distributions: implications for crop insurance [Doctoral dissertation]. [Mississippi State, MS]: Mississippi State University; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

(nyt) SK. World Briefing | Asia: China And Russia Plan First Joint Military Exercise. New York Times. 2004 Dec 14;A6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1,2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).

About the journal

Full journal title	Acta Orthopaedica
Abbreviation	Acta Orthop.
ISSN (print)	1745-3674
ISSN (online)	1745-3682
Scope	General Medicine Orthopedics and Sports Medicine