How to format your references using the Africa Review citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Africa Review. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Adam, David. 2002. “Cambridge-MIT Institute Probed.” Nature 420 (6913): 256.

A journal article with 2 authors

Ellison, Christopher E., and Doris Bachtrog. 2013. “Dosage Compensation via Transposable Element Mediated Rewiring of a Regulatory Network.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 342 (6160): 846–850.

A journal article with 3 authors

Koenderink, A. Femius, Andrea Alù, and Albert Polman. 2015. “Nanophotonics: Shrinking Light-Based Technology.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 348 (6234): 516–521.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Charnoz, Sébastien, André Brahic, Peter C. Thomas, and Carolyn C. Porco. 2007. “The Equatorial Ridges of Pan and Atlas: Terminal Accretionary Ornaments?” Science (New York, N.Y.) 318 (5856): 1622–1624.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Böhmer, Estella. 2015. Dentistry in Rabbits and Rodents. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Khan, Javed I. 2012. Basic Principles of Forensic Chemistry. Edited by Thomas J. Kennedy and Donnell R. Christian Jr. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.

A chapter in an edited book

Yuan, Zhen, and Huabei Jiang. 2013. “Diffuse Optical Tomography for Brain Imaging: Theory.” In Optical Methods and Instrumentation in Brain Imaging and Therapy, edited by Steen J. Madsen, 87–115. New York, NY: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Africa Review.

Blog post

Andrews, Robin. 2016. “Here’s What It Takes To Raise Seriously Smart Kids, According To A 45-Year-Long Study.” IFLScience, IFLScience, September 7.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2003. Financial Management Systems: Core Financial Systems at the 24 Chief Financial Officers Act Agencies. GAO-03-903R. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ma, Ben. 2012. “Improving the Performance of Hyperspectral Target Detection.” Doctoral dissertation, Mississippi State University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Johnson, George. 2014. “Blind as a Bat: A Case of Mind vs. Body.” New York Times, July 22, 2014.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Adam 2002).
This sentence cites two references (Adam 2002; Ellison and Bachtrog 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Ellison and Bachtrog 2013)
Three authors: (Koenderink, Alù, and Polman 2015)
4 or more authors: (Charnoz et al. 2007)

About the journal

Full journal title	Africa Review
ISSN (print)	0974-4053
ISSN (online)	0974-4061
Scope	History Development Political Science and International Relations