How to format your references using the African Vision and Eye Health citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for African Vision and Eye Health (AVEH). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Swaminathan MS. Obituary: Norman E. Borlaug (1914-2009). Nature 2009;461(7266):894.

A journal article with 2 authors

Bromm V, Loeb A. The formation of the first low-mass stars from gas with low carbon and oxygen abundances. Nature 2003;425(6960):812–814.

A journal article with 3 authors

Hagan CL, Kim S, Kahne D. Reconstitution of outer membrane protein assembly from purified components. Science 2010;328(5980):890–892.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Garcia-Barros M, Paris F, Cordon-Cardo C, et al. Tumor response to radiotherapy regulated by endothelial cell apoptosis. Science 2003;300(5622):1155–1159.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hanby M. No God, No Science? Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2013;

An edited book

Kraas F, Aggarwal S, Coy M, Mertins G, editors. Megacities: Our Global Urban Future. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014;

A chapter in an edited book

Chow SSM, Franklin M, Zhang H. Practical Dual-Receiver Encryption. In: Benaloh J, editor. Topics in Cryptology – CT-RSA 2014: The Cryptographer’s Track at the RSA Conference 2014, San Francisco, CA, USA, February 25-28, 2014. Proceedings. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014; p. 85–105.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for African Vision and Eye Health.

Blog post

Hale T. Loneliness Could Be In Your DNA [Homepage on the Internet]. IFLScience. 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30];Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/loneliness-could-be-in-your-dna/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Inventory Management: Problems in Accountability and Security of DOD Supply Inventories. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986;

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Gittens BE. Perceptions of the applicability of transformational leadership behavior to the leader role of academic department chairs: A study of selected universities in Virginia. 2009;

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Oestreich JR. Finding the Humanity in ‘St. John’. New York Times. 2017;C5.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	African Vision and Eye Health
ISSN (print)	2413-3183
ISSN (online)	2410-1516
Scope