How to format your references using the American Journal of Sonography citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for American Journal of Sonography (AJS). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Turner JA. Chemistry. A nickel finish protects silicon photoanodes for water splitting. Science 2013;342:811–2.

A journal article with 2 authors

Huard B, Karlsson L. KIR expression on self-reactive CD8+ T cells is controlled by T-cell receptor engagement. Nature 2000;403:325–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

Walsh JP, Cho C, Cohen WM. Science and law. View from the bench: patents and material transfers. Science 2005;309:2002–3.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Seelig G, Soloveichik D, Zhang DY, Winfree E. Enzyme-free nucleic acid logic circuits. Science 2006;314:1585–8.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Cauvin C, Escobar F, Serradj A. Cartography and the Impact of the Quantitative Revolution. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2010.

An edited book

Andrica D. Number Theory: Structures, Examples, and Problems., (Andreescu T, ed.). Boston, MA: Birkhäuser; 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

Billett S. The Practices of Learning through Occupations. In: Billett S, ed. Learning Through Practice: Models, Traditions, Orientations and Approaches. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2010. p. 59–81.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for American Journal of Sonography.

Blog post

Davis J. Dinosaurs May Have Evolved Up To 20 Million Years Earlier Than Thought. IFLScience 2016. (October 30, 2018). Retrieved from https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/dinosaurs-may-have-evolved-up-to-20-million-years-earlier-than-thought/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Information Technology Reform: Billions of Dollars in Savings Have Been Realized, but Agencies Need to Complete Reinvestment Plans. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2015.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Subbarao S. An 8-PSK super regenerative receiver: Design and simulation. 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly K. Achieving Techno-Literacy. New York Times. September 19, 2010:MM21.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference ^[1].
This sentence cites two references ^[1,2].
This sentence cites four references ^[1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	American Journal of Sonography
ISSN (print)	2572-4711
ISSN (online)	2572-472X
Scope