How to format your references using the Annals of Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Annals of Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Pauly D. Obituary: Ransom Aldrich Myers (1952-2007). Nature. 2007;447:160.

A journal article with 2 authors

Vollmer SV, Palumbi SR. Hybridization and the evolution of reef coral diversity. Science. 2002;296:2023–2025.

A journal article with 3 authors

Schorlemmer D, Wiemer S, Wyss M. Variations in earthquake-size distribution across different stress regimes. Nature. 2005;437:539–542.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Zhao J, Chu W, Guo L, et al. Terahertz imaging with sub-wavelength resolution by femtosecond laser filament in air. Sci Rep. 2014;4:3880.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Katsilambros N, Diakoumopoulou E, Ioannidis I, et al. Diabetes in Clinical Practice. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2006.

An edited book

Baan WA, Hagiwara Y, Langevelde HJ van, eds. Dense Molecular Gas Around Protostars and in Galactic Nuclei: European Workshop on Astronomical Molecules 2004. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

Bloehdorn S, Sure Y. Kernel Methods for Mining Instance Data in Ontologies. In: Aberer K, Choi K-S, Noy N, et al., eds. The Semantic Web: 6th International Semantic Web Conference, 2nd Asian Semantic Web Conference, ISWC 2007 + ASWC 2007, Busan, Korea, November 11-15, 2007. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2007:58–71.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Annals of Surgery.

Blog post

Andrews R. Large Hadron Collider Shut Down After Weasel Chews Through Wiring. IFLScience. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/large-hadron-collider-shut-down-after-weasel-chews-through-wiring/. 2016. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. NASA: Projects Need More Disciplined Oversight and Management to Address Key Challenges. GAO-09-436T; Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; March 5, 2009.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Reynaldo R. Healthcare Leaders Under the Age of 40 - Successful Strategies and Practices for Leading Healthcare Organizations. Doctoral Dissertation; Pepperdine University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Chivers CJ, SOPHIA KISHKOVSKY; Erin Arvedlund contributed reporting from Moscow for this article. U.S. Investigative Journalist Is Shot to Death in Russia. New York Times, July 10, 2004, A4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Annals of Surgery
Abbreviation	Ann. Surg.
ISSN (print)	0003-4932
ISSN (online)	1528-1140
Scope	Surgery