How to format your references using the Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Delaney, P. 2000. Palaeoceanography. Nutrients in the glacial balance. Nature 405(6784): 288–9, 291.

A journal article with 2 authors

Casavecchia, P., and Alexander, M.H. 2013. Chemistry. Uncloaking the quantum nature of inelastic molecular collisions. Science 341(6150): 1076–1077.

A journal article with 3 authors

Losos, J.B., Hillis, D.M., and Greene, H.W. 2012. Evolution. Who speaks with a forked tongue? Science 338(6113): 1428–1429.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Headrick, J.M., Diken, E.G., Walters, R.S., Hammer, N.I., Christie, R.A., Cui, J., Myshakin, E.M., Duncan, M.A., Johnson, M.A., and Jordan, K.D. 2005. Spectral signatures of hydrated proton vibrations in water clusters. Science 308(5729): 1765–1769.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Rosier, J.A., Martens, M.A., and Thomas, J.R. 2014. Global New Drug Development. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

Chalamwong, Y., Thabchumpon, N., and Chantavanich, S. (Editors). 2014. Temporary Shelters and Surrounding Communities: Livelihood Opportunities, the Labour Market, Social Welfare and Social Security. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

A chapter in an edited book

Melhus, I., Arnal, F., Gayraud, T., and Jacquemin, B. 2008. SATSIX Mobility Architecture and Its Performance Evaluation. In IP Networking over Next-Generation Satellite Systems: International Workshop, Budapest, July 2007. Edited by L. Fan, H. Cruickshank, and Z. Sun. Springer, New York, NY. pp. 59–75.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism.

Blog post

Hale, T. 2017, January 27. Scientists Restoring 150-Year-Old Taxidermy Piece Find Human Skull Inside. IFLScience. Available from https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/scientists-restoring-150yearold-taxidermy-piece-find-human-skull-inside/ [accessed 30 October 2018].

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2015. International Space Station: Measurable Performance Targets and Documentation Needed to Better Assess Management of National Laboratory. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Burgner, J. 2010. Bullying prevention: A grant proposal. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kenigsberg, B. 2017, October 26. Trudging to Suffrage, On a Swiss Schedule. New York Times: C7.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Delaney 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Delaney 2000; Casavecchia and Alexander 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Casavecchia and Alexander 2013)
Three or more authors: (Headrick et al. 2005)

About the journal

Full journal title	Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
Abbreviation	Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.
ISSN (print)	1715-5312
ISSN (online)	1715-5320
Scope	Physiology General Medicine Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Physiology (medical) Nutrition and Dietetics