How to format your references using the Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Davies W (2014) Palaeoanthropology: The time of the last Neanderthals. Nature 512:260–261

A journal article with 2 authors

Luksza M, Lässig M (2014) A predictive fitness model for influenza. Nature 507:57–61

A journal article with 3 authors

Freimund DL, Aflatooni K, Batelaan H (2001) Observation of the Kapitza-Dirac effect. Nature 413:142–143

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Suga H, Kadoshima T, Minaguchi M, et al (2011) Self-formation of functional adenohypophysis in three-dimensional culture. Nature 480:57–62

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Lad BK, Shrivastava D, Kulkarni MS (2016) Machine Tool Reliability. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Król D, Fay D, Gabryś B (2015) Propagation Phenomena in Real World Networks. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Islam T, Yamaguchi Y (2009) Some Computational Predictions on the Possibilities of Three-Dimensional Properties of Grid Cells in Entorhinal Cortex. In: Leung CS, Lee M, Chan JH (eds) Neural Information Processing: 16th International Conference, ICONIP 2009, Bangkok, Thailand, December 1-5, 2009, Proceedings, Part I. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 26–33

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery.

Blog post

Luntz S (2015) Giant Stars Form The Same Way As Their Smaller Relatives. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/all-stars-form-alike/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1999) Customs Service Modernization: Ineffective Software Development Processes Increase Customs System Development Risks. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Fine JG (2017) Magical Transformation or Illusion of Grandeur: The Development of Downtown West Palm Beach, 1985-2015. Doctoral dissertation, Florida Atlantic University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly DA (2002) 36 Hours | Saratoga, N.Y. New York Times F6

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery
Abbreviation	Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg.
ISSN (print)	0936-8051
ISSN (online)	1434-3916
Scope	Surgery General Medicine Orthopedics and Sports Medicine