How to format your references using the Archives of Pharmacal Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Archives of Pharmacal Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Young OR (2011) Governance: A peaceful Arctic. Nature 478:180–181

A journal article with 2 authors

Long F, Shi H (2014) Simple and compact optode for real-time in-situ temperature detection in very small samples. Sci Rep 4:5009

A journal article with 3 authors

Parens E, Johnston J, Moses J (2008) Ethics. Do we need “synthetic bioethics”? Science 321:1449

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Beckmann B, Flögel S, Hofmann P, et al (2005) Orbital forcing of Cretaceous river discharge in tropical Africa and ocean response. Nature 437:241–244

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Khoei AR (2014) Extended Finite Element Method. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK

An edited book

Ehrenfeld JM, Urman RD, Segal S (eds) (2016) Anesthesia Student Survival Guide: A Case-Based Approach, 2nd ed. 2016. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Ko PY, Adamson B (2012) Chinese Language Pedagogy and Human Dignity: The Special Rank Teacher in the Aftermath of the Cultural Revolution. In: Leung CB, Ruan J (eds) Perspectives on Teaching and Learning Chinese Literacy in China. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 61–80

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Archives of Pharmacal Research.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) Smoking Cigarettes Is Associated With An Increased Risk Of Psychosis. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/smoking-cigarettes-associated-increased-risk-psychosis/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1975) Problems in Administering Programs To Improve Law Enforcement Education. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

McCourt SB (2008) A phenomenological study of anticipated housing, healthcare, and biopsychosocial needs of aging female baby boomers. Doctoral dissertation, University of Phoenix

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Hollander S (1999) Cadets Can’t Catch Cougars. New York Times 811

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Young 2011).
This sentence cites two references (Young 2011; Long and Shi 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Long and Shi 2014)
Three or more authors: (Beckmann et al. 2005)

About the journal

Full journal title	Archives of Pharmacal Research
Abbreviation	Arch. Pharm. Res.
ISSN (print)	0253-6269
ISSN (online)	1976-3786
Scope	Molecular Medicine Organic Chemistry Drug Discovery