How to format your references using the Archives of Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Archives of Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Nelson S. Big data: The Harvard computers. Nature. 2008;455(7209):36-37.

A journal article with 2 authors

Hauser MD, Bever T. Behavior. A biolinguistic agenda. Science. 2008;322(5904):1057-1059.

A journal article with 3 authors

Gridi-Papp M, Rand AS, Ryan MJ. Animal communication: complex call production in the túngara frog. Nature. 2006;441(7089):38.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Szenker-Ravi E, Altunoglu U, Leushacke M, et al. RSPO2 inhibition of RNF43 and ZNRF3 governs limb development independently of LGR4/5/6. Nature. 2018;557(7706):564-569.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Henriksen RN. Scale Invariance. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2015.

An edited book

Montanari F. Risk Regulation in Non-Animal Food Imports: The European Union Approach. (Jezsó V, Donati C, eds.). Springer International Publishing; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Weinstein V, Schwartz R, Grossman I, Zeskind B, Nicholas JM. Glatiramoids. In: Crommelin DJA, de Vlieger JSB, eds. Non-Biological Complex Drugs: The Science and the Regulatory Landscape. AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series. Springer International Publishing; 2015:107-148.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Archives of Surgery.

Blog post

Hale T. Giant 10-Meter-Long Anaconda Found On Construction Site In Brazil. IFLScience. September 26, 2016.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Highway Safety: Causes of Injury in Automobile Crashes. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1995.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Pappenfus BJ. How Frequency of Change within Organizations Affects Burnout of Human Resource Professionals. Doctoral dissertation. Capella University; 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Billard M. Scouting Report. New York Times. July 29, 2010:E5.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Archives of Surgery
Abbreviation	Arch. Surg.
ISSN (print)	0004-0010
ISSN (online)	1538-3644
Scope	Surgery