How to format your references using the Artificial Life and Robotics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Artificial Life and Robotics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Batty M (2013) Sociology. A theory of city size. Science 340:1418–1419

A journal article with 2 authors

Allen MR, Ingram WJ (2002) Constraints on future changes in climate and the hydrologic cycle. Nature 419:224–232

A journal article with 3 authors

Mugnier MR, Cross GAM, Papavasiliou FN (2015) The in vivo dynamics of antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei. Science 347:1470–1473

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Vaquero A, Scher M, Erdjument-Bromage H, et al (2007) SIRT1 regulates the histone methyl-transferase SUV39H1 during heterochromatin formation. Nature 450:440–444

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Jay SA (2006) High Voltage Electricity Installations. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, England

An edited book

Shevelko V, Tawara H (2012) Atomic Processes in Basic and Applied Physics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Keupp MM, Schöb R (2015) The potential of container vessel operation on the Northern Sea Route: Nautical, regulatory, and operative issues. In: Keupp MM (ed) The Northern Sea Route: A Comprehensive Analysis. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, pp 53–68

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Artificial Life and Robotics.

Blog post

Davis J (2015) Researchers Develop An Experimental MERS Vaccine. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/researchers-develop-experimental-mers-vaccine/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1997) World Wide Web Sites: Reported by 42 Federal Organizations (Supplement to Internet and Electronic Dial-Up Bulletin Board System Activities: Information Reported by Federal Organizations). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Magner KA (2010) Evaluation of admissions criteria and practices with regards to successful online learning styles and characteristics. Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

(nyt) SK (2004) World Briefing | Europe: Russia: Soldiers’ Convictions Reinstated. New York Times A6

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Artificial Life and Robotics
Abbreviation	Artif. Life Robot.
ISSN (print)	1433-5298
ISSN (online)	1614-7456
Scope	General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Artificial Intelligence