How to format your references using the Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

McCabe, H. (2000). Reshuffle lifts French synchrotron hopes. Nature, 404(6778), 533.

A journal article with 2 authors

Hyman, A. A., & Simons, K. (2012). Cell biology. Beyond oil and water--phase transitions in cells. Science (New York, N.Y.), 337(6098), 1047–1049.

A journal article with 3 authors

Harris, G. C., Wimmer, M., & Aston-Jones, G. (2005). A role for lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons in reward seeking. Nature, 437(7058), 556–559.

A journal article with 21 or more authors

Loya, W. M., Pregitzer, K. S., Karberg, N. J., King, J. S., & Giardina, C. P. (2003). Reduction of soil carbon formation by tropospheric ozone under increased carbon dioxide levels. Nature, 425(6959), 705–707.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Goldberger, A. L., & Goldberger, Z. D. (2012). Becoming a Consummate Clinician. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Italiano, G. F., Pighizzini, G., & Sannella, D. T. (Eds.). (2015). Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science 2015: 40th International Symposium, MFCS 2015, Milan, Italy, August 24-28, 2015, Proceedings, Part II (1st ed. 2015, Vol. 9235). Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Intapong, P., Settapat, S., Kaewkamnerdpong, B., & Achalakul, T. (2010). The Design of Modular Web-Based Collaboration. In T.-H. Kim, A. Stoica, & R.-S. Chang (Eds.), Security-Enriched Urban Computing and Smart Grid: First International Conference, SUComS 2010, Daejeon, Korea, September 15-17, 2010. Proceedings (pp. 24–33). Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties.

Blog post

O`Callaghan, J. (2016, June 14). Watch Live As A Spacecraft Leaves The ISS Today With A “Fire Experiment” On Board. IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/watch-live-as-a-spacecraft-leaves-the-iss-today-with-a-fire-experiment-on-board/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1977). Improved Management of Computer Resources Needed To Enhance Marine Corps’ Efficiency and Effectiveness (LCD-76-124). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Adelman, S. W. (2009). Early childhood nutritional responses to targeted food aid and social network disruptions in Ugandan internally displaced person’s camps [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Maryland, College Park.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly, M. (1992, September 27). THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: The Democrats; Clinton Again Faces Draft Issue As He Returns to New Hampshire. New York Times, 120.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (McCabe, 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Hyman & Simons, 2012; McCabe, 2000).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Hyman & Simons, 2012)
Three or more authors: (Loya et al., 2003)

About the journal

Full journal title	Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties
Abbreviation	Aust. J. Learn. Diffic.
ISSN (print)	1940-4158
ISSN (online)	1940-4166
Scope	Developmental and Educational Psychology Social Psychology Education