How to format your references using the Biosemiotics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Biosemiotics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Abeles, M. (2004). Neuroscience. Time is precious. Science (New York, N.Y.), 304(5670), 523–524.

A journal article with 2 authors

Jin, Q., & He, S. Y. (2001). Role of the Hrp pilus in type III protein secretion in Pseudomonas syringae. Science (New York, N.Y.), 294(5551), 2556–2558.

A journal article with 3 authors

Ju, S.-Y., Kopcha, W. P., & Papadimitrakopoulos, F. (2009). Brightly fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes via an oxygen-excluding surfactant organization. Science (New York, N.Y.), 323(5919), 1319–1323.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Negrete, O. A., Levroney, E. L., Aguilar, H. C., Bertolotti-Ciarlet, A., Nazarian, R., Tajyar, S., & Lee, B. (2005). EphrinB2 is the entry receptor for Nipah virus, an emergent deadly paramyxovirus. Nature, 436(7049), 401–405.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Sewell, G. (2005). Computational Methods of Linear Algebra. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Jankowski, N., Duch, W., & Gra̧bczewski, K. (Eds.). (2011). Meta-Learning in Computational Intelligence (Vol. 358). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Henein, M. Y., Sheppard, M., Pepper, J. R., & Rigby, M. (2012). Pulmonary Valve. In M. Y. Henein (Ed.), Clinical Echocardiography (pp. 81–92). London: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Biosemiotics.

Blog post

Hale, T. (2016, July 28). How The Vikings Used Sunstones To Find New Unknown Lands. IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/how-the-vikings-used-sunstones-to-find-new-unknown-lands/. Accessed 30 October 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1990). Special Education: Estimates of Handicapped Indian Preschoolers and Sufficiency of Services (No. HRD-90-61BR). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Rodriguez, J. M. (2008). Navy Supply Corps officer’s perspective on effective leadership (Doctoral dissertation). University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Koblin, J. (2016, December 5). ‘Westworld’ Creators Speak of Seasons, Spoilers and Patience. New York Times, p. C3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Abeles 2004).
This sentence cites two references (Abeles 2004; Jin and He 2001).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Jin and He 2001)
Three or more authors: (Negrete et al. 2005)

About the journal

Full journal title	Biosemiotics
Abbreviation	Biosemiotics
ISSN (print)	1875-1342
ISSN (online)	1875-1350
Scope	Language and Linguistics Social Sciences (miscellaneous) Communication