How to format your references using the Cancer Imaging citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Cancer Imaging. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Smaglik P. The uncertainty principle. Nature. 2004;431:487.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Martin GM, Oshima J. Lessons from human progeroid syndromes. Nature. 2000;408:263–6.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Rand DG, Greene JD, Nowak MA. Spontaneous giving and calculated greed. Nature. 2012;489:427–30.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Xing H, Wilkerson DC, Mayhew CN, Lubert EJ, Skaggs HS, Goodson ML, et al. Mechanism of hsp70i gene bookmarking. Science. 2005;307:421–3.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Goldstein AP. The Psychology of Group Aggression. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2004.

An edited book

1. Pogorzelski WA. Completeness Theory for Propositional Logics. Wojtylak P, editor. Basel: Birkhäuser; 2008.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Dybkjær L. Reasons Behind the Privatization of Datacentralen. In: Gram C, Rasmussen P, Østergaard SD, editors. History of Nordic Computing 4: 4th IFIP WG 97 Conference, HiNC 4, Copenhagen, Denmark, August 13-15, 2014, Revised Selected Papers. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. p. 41–6.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Cancer Imaging.

Blog post

1. Hale T. 10,000 Endangered “Scrotum Frogs” Have Died Near Lake Titicaca [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/10000-endangered-scrotum-frogs-have-died-near-lake-titicaca/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Highway Safety: Causes of Injury in Automobile Crashes. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1995 May. Report No.: PEMD-95-4.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Rogers S. Teacher Induction Programs: How Key Components Influence Teacher Retention Rates in Rural School Districts [Doctoral dissertation]. [ St. Charles, MO]: Lindenwood University; 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. (nyt) SK. World Briefing | Europe: Russia: Another Catholic Priest Barred. New York Times. 2002 Sep 12;A6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Cancer Imaging
Abbreviation	Cancer Imaging
ISSN (online)	1470-7330
Scope	General Medicine Oncology Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging Radiological and Ultrasound Technology