How to format your references using the Case Reports in Ophthalmology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Case Reports in Ophthalmology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Cordes JM. Astronomy. Radio bursts, origin unknown. Science. 2013 Jul;341(6141):40–1.

A journal article with 2 authors

Baker MB, Peter T. Small-scale cloud processes and climate. Nature. 2008 Jan;451(7176):299–300.

A journal article with 3 authors

Stroud RM, Nittler LR, Alexander CMO. Polymorphism in presolar Al2O3 grains from asymptotic giant branch stars. Science. 2004 Sep;305(5689):1455–7.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Fricker HA, Scambos T, Bindschadler R, Padman L. An active subglacial water system in West Antarctica mapped from space. Science. 2007 Mar;315(5818):1544–8.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Girmscheid G. Bauprozesse und Bauverfahren des Tunnelbaus. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2013.

An edited book

Yamanaka R, editor. Glioma: Immunotherapeutic Approaches. New York, NY: Springer; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

Wilkinson C. Youth Voices on the Airwaves: Representations of Young People. In: Worth N, Dwyer C, editors. Identities and Subjectivities. Singapore: Springer; 2016; pp 475–91.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Case Reports in Ophthalmology.

Blog post

Fang J. Two New Islands Appear in the Red Sea After Volcanic Eruptions [Internet]. IFLScience. 2015 Jun [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/two-new-islands-appeared-red-sea-after-volcanic-eruptions/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Women in STEM Research: Federal Agencies Differ in the Data They Collect on Grant Applicants. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2015.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Hoang V. Software maintenance: A program slicer using cross referencer. 2009

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Shoumali K, Hubbard B. U.S. Strike on Syria Fuels Uncertainty on the Ground. New York Times. 2017 Apr;A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Case Reports in Ophthalmology
Abbreviation	Case Rep. Ophthalmol.
ISSN (online)	1663-2699
Scope	Ophthalmology