How to format your references using the Chronic Diseases and Diseases in Canada citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Chronic Diseases and Diseases in Canada. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Lemmon JP. Energy: Reimagine fuel cells. Nature. 2015 Sep 24;525(7570):447–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

Long L, Ye H. How to be smart and energy efficient: a general discussion on thermochromic windows. Sci Rep. 2014 Sep 19;4:6427.

A journal article with 3 authors

Navrotsky A, Mazeina L, Majzlan J. Size-driven structural and thermodynamic complexity in iron oxides. Science. 2008 Mar 21;319(5870):1635–8.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Ash C, Jasny BR, Roberts L, Stone R, Sugden AM. Reimagining cities. Introduction. Science. 2008 Feb 8;319(5864):739.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Summers N. Managing Social Service Staff for Excellence. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2010.

An edited book

Pawlak M, editor. New Perspectives on Individual Differences in Language Learning and Teaching. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012. XLVI, 366 p. (Second Language Learning and Teaching).

A chapter in an edited book

Srinivasulu S, Jain A. Rainfall-Runoff Modelling: Integrating Available Data and Modern Techniques. In: Abrahart RJ, See LM, Solomatine DP, editors. Practical Hydroinformatics: Computational Intelligence and Technological Developments in Water Applications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2008. p. 59–70. (Water Science and Technology Library).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Chronic Diseases and Diseases in Canada.

Blog post

Luntz S. Re-Examination Of Old Notebooks Reveals Powerful Mathematics [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/physics/taxi-cab-reveals-powerful-mathematics/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Close Air Support: Airborne Controllers in High-Threat Areas May Not Be Needed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1990 Apr. Report No.: NSIAD-90-116.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Wall JD. The Effects of Acute L-Dopa on Brux-like and Masticatory Motor Patterns: EMG Phase Analysis in Rats [Doctoral dissertation]. [Edwardsville, IL]: Southern Illinois University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Harris G, Schwartz J, Calmes J, Martin J. Donald Trump Holds ‘Thank You’ Rally in Cincinnati, and Announces His Pick for Defense Secretary. New York Times. 2016 Dec 1;A18.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Chronic Diseases and Diseases in Canada
ISSN (print)	1925-6515
ISSN (online)	1925-6523
Scope