How to format your references using the Classroom Discourse citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Classroom Discourse. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Zerhouni, Elias A. 2006. “Research Funding. NIH in the Post-Doubling Era: Realities and Strategies.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 314 (5802): 1088–1090.

A journal article with 2 authors

Martienssen, R. A., and V. Colot. 2001. “DNA Methylation and Epigenetic Inheritance in Plants and Filamentous Fungi.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 293 (5532): 1070–1074.

A journal article with 3 authors

Sampson, S. D., M. T. Carrano, and C. A. Forster. 2001. “A Bizarre Predatory Dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar.” Nature 409 (6819): 504–506.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Blisniuk, P. M., B. R. Hacker, J. Glodny, L. Ratschbacher, S. Bi, Z. Wu, M. O. McWilliams, and A. Calvert. 2001. “Normal Faulting in Central Tibet since at Least 13.5 Myr Ago.” Nature 412 (6847): 628–632.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Neuber, Ariane, and Tim Nuttall. 2017. Diagnostic Techniques in Veterinary Dermatology. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

McNeill, V. Faye, and Parisa A. Ariya, eds. 2014. Atmospheric and Aerosol Chemistry. Vol. 339. Topics in Current Chemistry. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Yakobson, Boris I., and Traian Dumitrică. 2014. “Retracted: Nanomechanics: Physics Between Engineering and Chemistry.” In Trends in Nanoscale Mechanics: Mechanics of Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene, Nanocomposites and Molecular Dynamics, edited by Vasyl Harik, 111–138. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Classroom Discourse.

Blog post

Andrew, Elise. 2014. “Which Is The World’s Deadliest Spider, Really?” IFLScience, IFLScience, November 13.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2016. Information Technology: Better Management of Interdependencies between Programs Supporting 2020 Census Is Needed. GAO-16-623. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Tyler, Edward P. 2013. “Tectonic Geomorphology of Quaternary River Terraces at Santa Cruz Creek, Santa Maria Basin, Santa Barbara County, California.” Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

McKINLEY, James C., Jr. 2017. “Rikers Guards Accused of Turning a Blind Eye to, or Even Enabling, Sex Assaults.” New York Times, September 22, 2017.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Zerhouni 2006).
This sentence cites two references (Zerhouni 2006; Martienssen and Colot 2001).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Martienssen and Colot 2001)
Three authors: (Sampson, Carrano, and Forster 2001)
4 or more authors: (Blisniuk et al. 2001)

About the journal

Full journal title	Classroom Discourse
ISSN (print)	1946-3014
ISSN (online)	1946-3022
Scope