How to format your references using the Clinical and Experimental Optometry citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical and Experimental Optometry. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Tata J. The domino effect. Nature 2004; 431: 513.

A journal article with 2 authors

Scholes MC, Scholes RJ. Ecology. Dust unto dust. Science 2013; 342: 565–566.

A journal article with 3 authors

Reinhard J, Srinivasan MV, Zhang S. Olfaction: scent-triggered navigation in honeybees. Nature 2004; 427: 411.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Wang X, Jiao L, Sheng K, et al. Solution-processable graphene nanomeshes with controlled pore structures. Sci Rep 2013; 3: 1996.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Agachi PŞ, Nagy ZK, Cristea MV, et al. Model Based Control. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006.

An edited book

Smith MJ, Salvendy G (eds). Human Interface and the Management of Information. Designing Information Environments: Symposium on Human Interface 2009, Held as Part of HCI International 2009, San Diego, CA, USA, July 19-24, 2009, Procceedings, Part I. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

Hospers G-J, Reverda N. The Geography of Population Decline. In: Reverda N (ed) Managing Population Decline in Europe’s Urban and Rural Areas. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015, pp. 29–37.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical and Experimental Optometry.

Blog post

Davis J. The Dark Web Is Actually More Of An Archipelago. IFLScience, https://www.iflscience.com/technology/the-dark-web-is-actually-more-of-an-archipelago/ (2017, accessed 30 October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Advanced Solid Rocket Motor Status. NSIAD-93-258R, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 13 August 1993.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Hayes ET. Musical improvisation and the creative process. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Shpigel B. Building a Better Bowler. New York Times, 11 April 2017, p. B8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical and Experimental Optometry
Abbreviation	Clin. Exp. Optom.
ISSN (print)	0816-4622
ISSN (online)	1444-0938
Scope	Ophthalmology Optometry