How to format your references using the Clinical and Investigative Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical and Investigative Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Lüthi M. Geophysics. Gauging Greenland’s subglacial water. Science. 2013 Aug 16;341(6147):721–2.

A journal article with 2 authors

Lendlein A, Langer R. Biodegradable, elastic shape-memory polymers for potential biomedical applications. Science. 2002 May 31;296(5573):1673–6.

A journal article with 3 authors

Clark DA, Mitra PP, Wang SS. Scalable architecture in mammalian brains. Nature. 2001 May 10;411(6834):189–93.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Shevchenko EV, Talapin DV, Kotov NA, O’Brien S, Murray CB. Structural diversity in binary nanoparticle superlattices. Nature. 2006 Jan 5;439(7072):55–9.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hoy J. Forensic Radio Survey Techniques for Cell Site Analysis. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2015.

An edited book

Iglesias M. Foundations of Generic Optimization: Volume 1: A Combinatorial Approach to Epistasis. Naudts B, Verschoren A, Vidal C, Lowen R, editors. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2005. XIII, 298 p. (Mathematical Modelling: Theory and Applications; vol. 20).

A chapter in an edited book

Acar S. Inequality Impacts of Oil Dependence in the MENA. In: Stiglitz JE, Guzman M, editors. Contemporary Issues in Microeconomics. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK; 2016. p. 77–87.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical and Investigative Medicine.

Blog post

Andrew E. A New Space Race Is On To Bring The Internet To The Whole World. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. GAO Research Guide: Electronic Data Processing. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1983 Aug. Report No.: OLS-83-3.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Barkis B. How Do Highly Engaged Employees and Managers Find Meaning in Their Work? [Doctoral dissertation]. [Malibu, CA]: Pepperdine University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Schwartz J. Picking a Portfolio With Pokéballs. New York Times. 2016 Oct 14;BU19.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical and Investigative Medicine
Abbreviation	Clin. Invest. Med.
ISSN (print)	0147-958X
ISSN (online)	1488-2353
Scope	General Medicine