How to format your references using the Clinical Biomechanics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Biomechanics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Gough, D., 2012. Astronomy. How oblate is the Sun? Science 337, 1611–1612.

A journal article with 2 authors

Ramachandran, V., Chen, X., 2008. Degradation of microRNAs by a family of exoribonucleases in Arabidopsis. Science 321, 1490–1492.

A journal article with 3 authors

Hu, Y., Lee, C.C., Ribbe, M.W., 2011. Extending the carbon chain: hydrocarbon formation catalyzed by vanadium/molybdenum nitrogenases. Science 333, 753–755.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Adrian, L., Szewzyk, U., Wecke, J., Görisch, H., 2000. Bacterial dehalorespiration with chlorinated benzenes. Nature 408, 580–583.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Strachman, D., Bookbinder, R., 2009. Fund of Funds Investing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Curran, R., Chou, S.-Y., Trappey, A. (Eds.), 2008. Collaborative Product and Service Life Cycle Management for a Sustainable World: Proceedings of the 15th ISPE International Conference on Concurrent Engineering (CE2008), Advanced Concurrent Engineering. Springer, London.

A chapter in an edited book

Han, Y., Saxena, S., 2013. Algorithms for Testing Length Four Permutations, in: Fellows, M., Tan, X., Zhu, B. (Eds.), Frontiers in Algorithmics and Algorithmic Aspects in Information and Management: Third Joint International Conference, FAW-AAIM 2013, Dalian, China, June 26-28, 2013. Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 17–23.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Biomechanics.

Blog post

Andrew, E., 2014. NASA Seeks Images & Messages For Asteroid Time Capsule [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/space/nasa-seeks-images-messages-asteroid-time-capsule/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1989. Space Operations: NASA’s Communications Support for Earth Orbiting Spacecraft (No. IMTEC-89-41). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Alsubaihi, S.I., 2016. Challenges for women academic leaders to obtain senior leadership positions in higher education in Saudi Arabia (Doctoral dissertation). Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse, L., 2007. Passengers Granted Same Right as Drivers. New York Times A12.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Gough, 2012).
This sentence cites two references (Gough, 2012; Ramachandran and Chen, 2008).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Ramachandran and Chen, 2008)
Three or more authors: (Adrian et al., 2000)

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Biomechanics
Abbreviation	Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon)
ISSN (print)	0268-0033
Scope	Biophysics Orthopedics and Sports Medicine