How to format your references using the Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (CGH). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Boughman JW. Divergent sexual selection enhances reproductive isolation in sticklebacks. Nature 2001;411:944-948.

A journal article with 2 authors

Blaser MJ, Kirschner D. The equilibria that allow bacterial persistence in human hosts. Nature 2007;449:843-849.

A journal article with 3 authors

Yamada T, Dautry A, Walport M. Ready for avian flu? Nature 2008;454:162.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Zhao H, Li L, Wang Y, et al. Shape-controllable formation of poly-imidazolium salts for stable palladium N-heterocyclic carbene polymers. Sci Rep 2014;4:5478.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Holsclaw G. Transcending Subjects. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016.

An edited book

Schomburg H. Higher Education and Graduate Employment in Europe: Results from Graduate Surveys from Twelve Countries. Vol 15. (Teichler U, ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2006.

A chapter in an edited book

Jungmann F, Hilgenberg F, Porzelt S, et al. Team Work and Leadership in an Aging Workforce: Results of an Intervention Project. In: Deml B, Stock P, Bruder R, et al., eds. Advances in Ergonomic Design of Systems, Products and Processes: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of GfA 2015. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2016:57-70.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology.

Blog post

Luntz S. Confirmed Continental Break-up Timeline Has Implications On Search For Extraterrestrial Life. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/confirmed-continental-breakup-timeline-has-implications-on-search-for-extraterrestrial-life/. Published June 7, 2017. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Homeland Security: Improvements in Managing Research and Development Could Help Reduce Inefficiencies and Costs. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2011.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Kopaygorodsky E. Mathematical Model of Ultra-Rapid PSA. 2001.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Ember S, Bowley G. First Trial In Cosby Case Is a Guide For the 2nd. New York Times. June 19, 2017:A11.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Abbreviation	Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.
ISSN (print)	1542-3565
ISSN (online)	1542-7714
Scope	Gastroenterology Hepatology