How to format your references using the Clinical Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Dehant V. Planetary science. A liquid core for Mars? Science. 2003 Apr 11;300(5617):260–1.

A journal article with 2 authors

Jakse N, Pasturel A. Liquid Aluminum: atomic diffusion and viscosity from ab initio molecular dynamics. Sci Rep. 2013 Nov 5;3:3135.

A journal article with 3 authors

Kortenkamp SJ, Wetherill GW, Inaba S. Runaway growth of planetary embryos facilitated by massive bodies in a protoplanetary disk. Science. 2001 Aug 10;293(5532):1127–9.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Zhao Z, Bao K, Li D, Duan D, Tian F, Jin X, et al. Nitrogen concentration driving the hardness of rhenium nitrides. Sci Rep. 2014 Apr 25;4:4797.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Cunningham V. Victorian Poetry Now. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2011.

An edited book

Dame RF, Olenin S, editors. The Comparative Roles of Suspension-Feeders in Ecosystems: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on The Comparative Roles of Suspension-Feeders in Ecosystems Nida, Lithuania 4–9 October 2003. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2005. XII, 360 p. (NATO Science Series IV: Earth and Environmental Series; vol. 47).

A chapter in an edited book

Obi A, Ndhleve S. Rural income dynamics in post-apartheid South Africa: implications for reduction of poverty and income inequality. In: Obi A, editor. Institutional constraints to small farmer development in Southern Africa. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers; 2011. p. 87–97.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Medicine.

Blog post

Andrew E. In Focus: New Horizons’ Crisp Images Shed New Light On The Origins Of Pluto And Its Moons [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/focus-new-horizons-crisp-images-shed-new-light-origins-pluto-and-its-moons/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Youth with Autism: Roundtable Views of Services Needed During the Transition into Adulthood. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2016 Oct. Report No.: GAO-17-109.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Pantallion AS. A parallel comparison of views regarding student preparation for introductory college chemistry [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Vecsey G. Pujols Won’t Find Unconditional Love Anywhere Else. New York Times. 2011 Oct 27;B17.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Medicine
Abbreviation	Clin. Med.
ISSN (print)	1470-2118
ISSN (online)	1473-4893
Scope	General Medicine