How to format your references using the Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Gomez, Natalya. 2015. “Climate Science: Small Glacier Has Big Effect on Sea-Level Rise.” Nature 526 (7574): 510–512.

A journal article with 2 authors

Lee, D. H., and J. A. Gupta. 2010. “Tunable Field Control over the Binding Energy of Single Dopants by a Charged Vacancy in GaAs.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 330 (6012): 1807–1810.

A journal article with 3 authors

Lavrov, A. N., Seiki Komiya, and Yoichi Ando. 2002. “Magnetic Shape-Memory Effects in a Crystal.” Nature 418 (6896): 385–386.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Vijaykrishna, Dhanasekaran, Gavin J. D. Smith, Oliver G. Pybus, Huachen Zhu, Samir Bhatt, Leo L. M. Poon, Steven Riley, et al. 2011. “Long-Term Evolution and Transmission Dynamics of Swine Influenza A Virus.” Nature 473 (7348): 519–522.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Etheridge, Denise. 2010. Excel® Data Analysis. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Kuzmanić, Ivica. 2015. Reliability and Availability of Quality Control Based on Wavelet Computer Vision. Edited by Igor Vujović. SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

Kinder-Kurlanda, Katharina, and Daniel Boos. 2015. “Socio-Ethical Issues of Ubicomp: Societal Trends, Transparency, and Information Control.” In Ubiquitous Computing in the Workplace: What Ethical Issues? An Interdisciplinary Perspective, edited by Katharina Kinder-Kurlanda and Céline Ehrwein Nihan, 61–74. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education.

Blog post

Hale, Tom. 2017. “4000-Year-Old Funeral Garden Unearthed In Egypt.” IFLScience, IFLScience, May 5.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2003. Head Start: Increased Percentage of Teachers Nationwide Have Required Degrees, but Better Information on Classroom Teachers’ Qualifications Needed. GAO-04-5. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Tarar, Wasim Akram. 2008. “A New Finite Element Procedure for Fatigue Life Predictionand High Strain Rate Assessment of Cold Worked Advanced High Strength Steel.” Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Chira, Susan. 2016. “The Myth of Female Solidarity.” New York Times, November 12, 2016.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Gomez 2015).
This sentence cites two references (Gomez 2015; Lee and Gupta 2010).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Lee and Gupta 2010)
Three authors: (Lavrov, Komiya, and Ando 2002)
4 or more authors: (Vijaykrishna et al. 2011)

About the journal

Full journal title	Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education
Abbreviation	Compare
ISSN (print)	0305-7925
ISSN (online)	1469-3623
Scope	Education