How to format your references using the Crime Science citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Crime Science. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Gould, J. (2014). Science budget: funding by numbers. Nature, 511(7510), S52-3.

A journal article with 2 authors

Raviv, U., & Klein, J. (2002). Fluidity of bound hydration layers. Science (New York, N.Y.), 297(5586), 1540–1543.

A journal article with 3 authors

Back, J. M., McCue, S. W., & Moroney, T. J. (2014). Including nonequilibrium interface kinetics in a continuum model for melting nanoscaled particles. Scientific reports, 4, 7066.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Shin, S.-Y., Choi, J. M., Seo, J., Ahn, H.-W., Choi, Y. G., Cheong, B.-K., & Lee, S. (2014). The effect of doping Sb on the electronic structure and the device characteristics of Ovonic Threshold Switches based on Ge-Se. Scientific reports, 4, 7099.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Center for Chemical Process Safety. (2015). Guidelines for Initiating Events and Independent Protection Layers in Layer of Protection Analysis. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Bailey, B. (2010). ESL Models and their Application: Electronic System Level Design and Verification in Practice. (G. Martin, Ed.). Boston, MA: Springer US.

A chapter in an edited book

Kunusch, C., Puleston, P., & Mayosky, M. (2012). Assessment of SOSM Techniques Applied to Fuel Cells. Case Study: Electric Vehicle Stoichiometry Control. In P. Puleston & M. Mayosky (Eds.), Sliding-Mode Control of PEM Fuel Cells (pp. 73–103). London: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Crime Science.

Blog post

Andrew, E. (2015, May 14). Ant Uses Its Jaw To Leap Out Of Danger. IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/ant-uses-its-jaw-leap-out-danger/. Accessed 30 October 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (2011). Public Transportation: Washington Metro Could Benefit from Clarified Board Roles and Responsibilities, Improved Strategic Planning (No. GAO-11-660). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Magda, B. (2009). Increasing efficacy of emergency departments through systems analysis of enterprise architecture: Mitigating the impact of technological change (Doctoral dissertation). George Washington University, Washington, DC.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Shpigel, B. (2017, January 13). Start of Chiefs-Steelers Game Moved to Sunday Night. New York Times, p. D4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Gould 2014).
This sentence cites two references (Gould 2014; Raviv and Klein 2002).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Raviv and Klein 2002)
Three or more authors: (Shin et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Crime Science
Abbreviation	Crime Sci.
ISSN (online)	2193-7680
Scope