How to format your references using the Critical Discourse Studies citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Critical Discourse Studies. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Gorvel, J.-P. (2006). Microbiology. Bacterial bushwacking through a microtubule jungle. Science (New York, N.Y.), 314(5801), 931–932.

A journal article with 2 authors

Dudai, Y., & Carruthers, M. (2005). The Janus face of Mnemosyne. Nature, 434(7033), 567.

A journal article with 3 authors

Elbelrhiti, H., Claudin, P., & Andreotti, B. (2005). Field evidence for surface-wave-induced instability of sand dunes. Nature, 437(7059), 720–723.

A journal article with 21 or more authors

Johnston, D. T., Wing, B. A., Farquhar, J., Kaufman, A. J., Strauss, H., Lyons, T. W., Kah, L. C., & Canfield, D. E. (2005). Active microbial sulfur disproportionation in the Mesoproterozoic. Science (New York, N.Y.), 310(5753), 1477–1479.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Molino Sr., L. N. (2006). Emergency Incident Management Systems. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Purcell, R., & Randall, R. (Eds.). (2016). 21st Century Perspectives on Music, Technology, and Culture: Listening Spaces. Palgrave Macmillan UK.

A chapter in an edited book

Eysenbach, G. (2005). Using the Internet for Surveys and Research. In J. G. Anderson & C. E. Aydin (Eds.), Evaluating the Organizational Impact of Healthcare Information Systems (pp. 129–143). Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Critical Discourse Studies.

Blog post

Carpineti, A. (2017, May 9). Plutonium Discovery May Lead To Simpler Clean-Ups. IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/chemistry/plutonium-discovery-may-lead-to-simpler-cleanups/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1989). Digests of Decisions of the Comptroller General of the United States, Vol. I. No. 1 (141560). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Turpin-Padberg, S. (2017). Effects of Elementary Teacher Preparation and Support on Retention [Doctoral dissertation]. Lindenwood University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Vecsey, G. (2010, May 2). Clouds Part Long Enough For a Memorable Ride. New York Times, SP9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Gorvel, 2006).
This sentence cites two references (Dudai & Carruthers, 2005; Gorvel, 2006).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Dudai & Carruthers, 2005)
Three or more authors: (Johnston et al., 2005)

About the journal

Full journal title	Critical Discourse Studies
Abbreviation	Crit. Discourse Stud.
ISSN (print)	1740-5904
ISSN (online)	1740-5912
Scope	General Social Sciences