How to format your references using the Diabetes Care citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Diabetes Care. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Mazin II. Superconductivity gets an iron boost. Nature. 2010 Mar 11;464(7286):183–6.

A journal article with 2 authors

Paul WE, Mage RG. Elvin A. Kabat (1914-2000). Nature. 2000 Sep 21;407(6802):316.

A journal article with 3 authors

Betrouche M, Maamache M, Choi JR. Novel characteristics of energy spectrum for 3D Dirac oscillator analyzed via Lorentz covariant deformed algebra. Sci Rep. 2013 Nov 14;3:3221.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Lee KY, D’Acquisto F, Hayden MS, Shim JH, Ghosh S. PDK1 nucleates T cell receptor-induced signaling complex for NF-kappaB activation. Science. 2005 Apr 1;308(5718):114–8.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Papadimitriou GI, Tsimoulas PA, Obaidat MS, Pomportsis AS. Multiwavelength Optical LANs. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2005.

An edited book

Ibarra OH, Ravikumar B, editors. Implementation and Applications of Automata: 13th International Conference, CIAA 2008, San Francisco, California, USA, July 21-24, 2008. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2008. XIII, 289 p. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; vol. 5148).

A chapter in an edited book

Hasslinger G, Hartleb F, Beckhaus T. User Access to Popular Data on the Internet and Approaches for IP Traffic Flow Optimization. In: Al-Begain K, Fiems D, Horváth G, editors. Analytical and Stochastic Modeling Techniques and Applications: 16th International Conference, ASMTA 2009, Madrid, Spain, June 9-12, 2009 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2009. p. 42–55. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Diabetes Care.

Blog post

Andrew E. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Here Are Five Ways The World Could End. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/here-are-five-ways-world-could-end/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Year 2000 Computing Crisis: A Testing Guide (Supersedes AIMD-10.1.21). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1998 Nov. Report No.: AIMD-10.1.21.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Howard AG. Large margin transformation learning [Doctoral dissertation]. [New York, NY]: Columbia University; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Powell M. Zen Phil Exits The Garden. The Knicks Will Endure. New York Times. 2017 Jun 28;B9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1,2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).

About the journal

Full journal title	Diabetes Care
Abbreviation	Diabetes Care
ISSN (print)	0149-5992
ISSN (online)	1935-5548
Scope	Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Internal Medicine Advanced and Specialised Nursing