How to format your references using the Digestive and Liver Disease citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Digestive and Liver Disease (DLD). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Conner JK. Genetic mechanisms of floral trait correlations in a natural population. Nature 2002;420:407–10.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Lyons TW, Reinhard CT. Early Earth: Oxygen for heavy-metal fans. Nature 2009;461:179–81.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Vendrasco MJ, Wood TE, Runnegar BN. Articulated Palaeozoic fossil with 17 plates greatly expands disparity of early chitons. Nature 2004;429:288–91.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Hu J, Aguirre M, Peto C, Alonso J, Ecker J, Chory J. A role for peroxisomes in photomorphogenesis and development of Arabidopsis. Science 2002;297:405–9.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Duffy DJ. Finite Difference Methods in Financial Engineering. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2006.

An edited book

[1]

Zaphiris P, Ioannou A, editors. Learning and Collaboration Technologies. Technology-Rich Environments for Learning and Collaboration: First International Conference, LCT 2014, Held as Part of HCI International 2014, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, June 22-27, 2014, Proceedings, Part II. vol. 8524. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Chriss N, Ginzburg V. Complex Semisimple Groups. In: Ginzburg V, editor. Representation Theory and Complex Geometry, Boston, MA: Birkhäuser; 2010, p. 127–92.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Digestive and Liver Disease.

Blog post

[1]

Fang J. Machines Can Filter Out Chatter In A Crowded Room, Just Like Us. IFLScience 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/technology/machines-filter-out-chatter-crowded-room-just-us/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Railroad Safety: Weaknesses Exist in FRA’s Enforcement Program. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1991.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

French DC. A Case against E-Waste: Where One Country’s Trash is (Not) Another Country’s Treasure: Developing National E-Waste Legislation to Regulate E-Waste Exportation. Doctoral dissertation. George Washington University, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Crow K. Tough Club, a Dashing Man, And His Invisible Footprints. New York Times 2002:145.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Digestive and Liver Disease
Abbreviation	Dig. Liver Dis.
ISSN (print)	1590-8658
ISSN (online)	1878-3562
Scope	Gastroenterology Hepatology