How to format your references using the Digestive and Liver Disease Supplements citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Digestive and Liver Disease Supplements. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Read P. Saturn: storm-clouds brooding on towering heights. Nature 2011;475:44–5.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Finch CE, Crimmins EM. Inflammatory exposure and historical changes in human life-spans. Science 2004;305:1736–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Lü L, Zhang Z-K, Zhou T. Deviation of Zipf’s and Heaps’ Laws in human languages with limited dictionary sizes. Sci Rep 2013;3:1082.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Pai DZ, Ken Ostrikov K, Kumar S, Lacoste DA, Levchenko I, Laux CO. Energy efficiency in nanoscale synthesis using nanosecond plasmas. Sci Rep 2013;3:1221.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Chowdhury S. Optimization and Business Improvement Studies in Upstream Oil and Gas Industry. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &;#38; Sons, Inc.; 2016.

An edited book

[1]

Zhou L, Ooi BC, Meng X, editors. Database Systems for Advanced Applications: 10th International Conference, DASFAA 2005, Beijing, China, April 17-20, 2005. Proceedings. vol. 3453. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Quinton SR. Rethinking Learning in the 21st Century. In: Bell G, Warwick J, Galbraith P, editors. Higher Education Management and Operational Research: Demonstrating New Practices and Metaphors, Rotterdam: SensePublishers; 2012, p. 65–77.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Digestive and Liver Disease Supplements.

Blog post

[1]

Luntz S. Light-Operated, Gecko-Like Stickiness Could Make Wall-Climbing Robots. IFLScience 2017. https://www.iflscience.com/technology/lightoperated-geckolike-stickiness-could-make-wallclimbing-robots/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Need for Additional Bilingual Education Teachers and the Availability of Training Programs To Prepare Them for Classroom Service. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1974.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Ringberg JE. Daily life at Cerro León, an Early Intermediate period highland settlement in the Moche Valley, Peru. Doctoral dissertation. University of North Carolina, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Kanter J. E.U. Official’s Move Fuels Talk of Merkel Challenge. New York Times 2016:A6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Digestive and Liver Disease Supplements
Abbreviation	Dig. Liver Dis. Suppl.
ISSN (print)	1594-5804
Scope	Gastroenterology Hepatology