How to format your references using the Distributed and Parallel Databases citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Distributed and Parallel Databases. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Gregory, R.: Reversing Rorschach. Nature. 404, 19 (2000)

A journal article with 2 authors

Bercovici, D., Ricard, Y.: Plate tectonics, damage and inheritance. Nature. 508, 513–516 (2014)

A journal article with 3 authors

Jansen, J.F.A., Gearhart, J.D., Bulte, J.W.M.: Comment on “Magnetic resonance spectroscopy identifies neural progenitor cells in the live human brain.” Science. 321, 640 (2008)

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Duan, D., Liu, Y., Tian, F., Li, D., Huang, X., Zhao, Z., Yu, H., Liu, B., Tian, W., Cui, T.: Pressure-induced metallization of dense (H₂S)₂H₂ with high-Tc superconductivity. Sci. Rep. 4, 6968 (2014)

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

O’Neil, P.V.: Beginning Partial Differential Equations. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ (2008)

An edited book

Kwak, J., Deng, R.H., Won, Y., Wang, G. eds: Information Security, Practice and Experience: 6th International Conference, ISPEC 2010, Seoul, Korea, May 12-13, 2010. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2010)

A chapter in an edited book

Budd, A.F., Klaus, J.S.: Early Evolution of the Montastraea “annularis” Species Complex (Anthozoa: Scleractinia): Evidence from the Mio-Pliocene of the Dominican Republic. In: Nehm, R.H. and Budd, A.F. (eds.) Evolutionary Stasis and Change in the Dominican Republic Neogene. pp. 85–123. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht (2008)

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Distributed and Parallel Databases.

Blog post

Andrew, E.: Five Common Misconceptions About Seasonal Flu, https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/five-common-misconceptions-about-seasonal-flu/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Recovery Act: States’ Use of Highway and Transit Funds and Efforts to Meet the Act’s Requirements. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (2009)

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Boysen, J.: The ESCRT machinery, required for endosomal trafficking, is a pH-signaling platform, (2008)

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

SOPHIA PECK ROSS.RICHARD F. BLOUGH.HUGH ARCHBALD.ALEXANDER ROYDEN.RAPHAEL.SPENCER B. WITTY.CARL R. KLEIN, Tilis, L.B., JOSEPH A. CELESTE.JONATHAN ESTOFF.GEORGES SCHREIBER.THOMAS J. BARNUM.ALLAN C. INMAN: Letters; NOT CITY GUIDES TO THE PEOPLE GOP TROUBLE GRACE AND CHARM HOWL WITTY, TOO A BAS “ERPIVORI” OLD HAT FOREIGN SERVICE HERITAGE, (1950)

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Distributed and Parallel Databases
Abbreviation	Distrib. Parallel Databases
ISSN (print)	0926-8782
ISSN (online)	1573-7578
Scope	Hardware and Architecture Information Systems Software Information Systems and Management