How to format your references using the Early Popular Visual Culture citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Early Popular Visual Culture. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Gershon, D. 2000. “Changing the Face of Training for Science at the Interface.” Nature 404 (6775): 315–316.

A journal article with 2 authors

Hannonen, Minttumaaria, and Liselotte Sundström. 2003. “Sociobiology: Worker Nepotism among Polygynous Ants.” Nature 421 (6926): 910.

A journal article with 3 authors

Inaba, Mayu, Michael Buszczak, and Yukiko M. Yamashita. 2015. “Nanotubes Mediate Niche-Stem-Cell Signalling in the Drosophila Testis.” Nature 523 (7560): 329–332.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Kawai, Masataka, Yoko Ogawa, Shigeto Shimmura, Shigeki Ohta, Takanori Suzuki, Naoshi Kawamura, Masataka Kuwana, Yutaka Kawakami, and Kazuo Tsubota. 2013. “Expression and Localization of Aging Markers in Lacrimal Gland of Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease.” Scientific Reports 3 (2013): 2455.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Ralph, Daniel, and Paul Graham. 2004. MMS: Technologies, Usage and Business Models. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Bristow, Joseph, and Josephine McDonagh, eds. 2016. Nineteenth-Century Radical Traditions. Palgrave Studies in Nineteenth-Century Writing and Culture. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.

A chapter in an edited book

Vukotic, Aleksa, and James Goodwill. 2011. “Using Tomcat’s Manager Web Application.” In Apache Tomcat 7, edited by James Goodwill, 73–94. Berkeley, CA: Apress.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Early Popular Visual Culture.

Blog post

O`Callaghan, Jonathan. 2017. “British Astronaut Tim Peake Is Going Back To Space.” IFLScience, IFLScience, January 26. https://www.iflscience.com/space/british-astronaut-tim-peake-is-going-back-to-space/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1992. Intelligence. NSIAD-92-228R. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Lima, Ana Andrade. 2009. “Racial and Cultural Identity Formation of Low-Income Brazilian Youth of African Descent through Their Experiences and Perceptions in Formal and Informal Schools.” Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Sabrina Tavernise With. 2000. “For the Families, Anger Mixes With Mourning.” New York Times, August 18, 2000.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Gershon 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Gershon 2000; Hannonen and Sundström 2003).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Hannonen and Sundström 2003)
Three authors: (Inaba, Buszczak, and Yamashita 2015)
4 or more authors: (Kawai et al. 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Early Popular Visual Culture
Abbreviation	Early Popul. Vis. Cult.
ISSN (print)	1746-0654
ISSN (online)	1746-0662
Scope	History Visual Arts and Performing Arts Cultural Studies