How to format your references using the Earthquake Spectra citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Earthquake Spectra. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Gavrilets, S., 2000. Rapid evolution of reproductive barriers driven by sexual conflict. Nature, 403(6772), 886–889.

A journal article with 2 authors

Sheehan, M. J., and Tibbetts, E. A., 2011. Specialized face learning is associated with individual recognition in paper wasps. Science (New York, N.Y.), 334(6060), 1272–1275.

A journal article with 3 authors

Prospero, J. M., Bullard, J. E., and Hodgkins, R., 2012. High-latitude dust over the North Atlantic: inputs from Icelandic proglacial dust storms. Science (New York, N.Y.), 335(6072), 1078–1082.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Safran, R. J., Neuman, C. R., McGraw, K. J., and Lovette, I. J., 2005. Dynamic paternity allocation as a function of male plumage color in barn swallows. Science (New York, N.Y.), 309(5744), 2210–2212.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

James, L., 2014. Sustainability Footprints in SMEs. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Yin, R. (Ed.), 2009. An Integrated Assessment of China’s Ecological Restoration Programs. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

A chapter in an edited book

Madigan, D., and Morris, D., 2014. The Port Resolution Project: Developing Community Built and Managed Visitor Accommodation Typologies. In R. Tiwari, M. Lommerse, and D. Smith (Eds.), M² Models and Methodologies for Community Engagement (pp. 69–90). Singapore: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Earthquake Spectra.

Blog post

Hale, T., 2016, November 21. Why Do Some People Have A Tiny Extra Hole In Their Ear? IFLScience. IFLScience. Retrieved October 30, 2018, from https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/why-do-some-people-have-a-tiny-extra-hole-in-their-ear/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1996. Human Resources Information Systems Issue Area: Active Assignments ( No. AA-96-29(2)). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Smith, S. M., 2017. The Relationship Between Political Affiliation and Student Achievement in the Areas of Reading and Mathematics, with Respect to Black Students (Doctoral dissertation). St. Charles, MO: Lindenwood University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Pilon, M., 2012, June 28. Catching a Running Partner at the Trials,With a Chance to Pass. New York Times, B11.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Gavrilets, 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Gavrilets, 2000; Sheehan and Tibbetts, 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Sheehan and Tibbetts, 2011)
Three or more authors: (Safran et al., 2005)

About the journal

Full journal title	Earthquake Spectra
ISSN (print)	8755-2930
ISSN (online)	1944-8201
Scope