How to format your references using the Ecological Modelling citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ecological Modelling. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Swartz, K.J., 2008. Sensing voltage across lipid membranes. Nature 456, 891–897.

A journal article with 2 authors

Miller, L.H., Greenwood, B., 2002. Malaria--a shadow over Africa. Science 298, 121–122.

A journal article with 3 authors

Lowman, M., D’Avanzo, C., Brewer, C., 2009. Ecology. A national ecological network for research and education. Science 323, 1172–1173.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Zang, H., Yan, L., Li, M., He, L., Gai, Z., Ivanov, I., Wang, M., Chiang, L., Urbas, A., Hu, B., 2013. Magneto-dielectric effects induced by optically-generated intermolecular charge-transfer states in organic semiconducting materials. Sci. Rep. 3, 2812.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Moreau, N., 2013. Tools for Signal Compression. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ USA.

An edited book

Davim, J.P. (Ed.), 2015. Modern Manufacturing Engineering, Materials Forming, Machining and Tribology. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

A chapter in an edited book

Staver, A.C., Jong, W.D.E., Kaimowitz, D., 2007. NICARAGUA’S FRONTIER: THE BOSAWAS BIOSPHERE RESERVE, in: Jong, W.D., Donovan, D., Abe, K.-I. (Eds.), Extreme Conflict and Tropical Forests, WORLD FORESTS. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp. 57–74.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ecological Modelling.

Blog post

Fang, J., 2015. Machines Can Filter Out Chatter In A Crowded Room, Just Like Us [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2015. Pedestrians and Cyclists: Cities, States, and DOT Are Implementing Actions to Improve Safety (No. GAO-16-66). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Soma, V.M., 2016. A particle filter methodology for salient object detection in videos (Doctoral dissertation). California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Gorman, J., 2017. The Power of the Bumblebee Brain. New York Times D6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Swartz, 2008).
This sentence cites two references (Miller and Greenwood, 2002; Swartz, 2008).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Miller and Greenwood, 2002)
Three or more authors: (Zang et al., 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Ecological Modelling
Abbreviation	Ecol. Modell.
ISSN (print)	0304-3800
Scope	Ecological Modelling