How to format your references using the Ecosystems citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ecosystems. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Blaxter M. 2010. Genetics. Revealing the dark matter of the genome. Science 330:1758–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

Gagliardi L, Roos BO. 2005. Quantum chemical calculations show that the uranium molecule U2 has a quintuple bond. Nature 433:848–51.

A journal article with 3 authors

Bigelow MS, Lepeshkin NN, Boyd RW. 2003. Superluminal and slow light propagation in a room-temperature solid. Science 301:200–2.

A journal article with 99 or more authors

Sezen H, Buchholz M, Nefedov A, Natzeck C, Heissler S, Di Valentin C, Wöll C. 2014. Probing electrons in TiO2 polaronic trap states by IR-absorption: evidence for the existence of hydrogenic states. Sci Rep 4:3808.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Guzik A. 2013. Essentials for Occupational Health Nursing. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Bennett G. 2009. iPhone Cool Projects. (Ante W, Ash M, Jackson B, Mix N, Peterson S, Rosenfeld M “canis”, editors.). Berkeley, CA: Apress

A chapter in an edited book

Nachtigall W, Wisser A. 2015. MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES. In: Wisser A, editor. Bionics by Examples: 250 Scenarios from Classical to Modern Times. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp 67–85.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ecosystems.

Blog post

Andrew E. 2014. 3D Printed Body Parts Go Mainstream. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/technology/3d-printed-body-parts-go-mainstream/. Last accessed 30/10/2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1996. Domestic Aviation: Changes in Airfares, Service, and Safety Since Airline Deregulation. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Zazworsky LM. 2013. Dumbing down for others: Differences in socially motivated underachievement between working and middle class students.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Poniewozik J. 2017. O Slapstick Tragedy! New York Times:C2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Blaxter 2010).
This sentence cites two references (Gagliardi and Roos 2005; Blaxter 2010).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Gagliardi and Roos 2005)
Three or more authors: (Sezen and others 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Ecosystems
Abbreviation	Ecosystems
ISSN (print)	1432-9840
ISSN (online)	1435-0629
Scope	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics Ecology Environmental Chemistry