How to format your references using the Electronic Commerce Research and Applications citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Electronic Commerce Research and Applications. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Pither, J., 2007. Comment on “Dispersal limitations matter for microbial morphospecies.” Science 316, 1124; author reply 1124.

A journal article with 2 authors

Marquis, M., Tans, P., 2008. Climate change. Carbon crucible. Science 320, 460–461.

A journal article with 3 authors

Jin, F.-F., Boucharel, J., Lin, I.-I., 2014. Eastern Pacific tropical cyclones intensified by El Niño delivery of subsurface ocean heat. Nature 516, 82–85.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Kondo, T., Sawa, S., Kinoshita, A., Mizuno, S., Kakimoto, T., Fukuda, H., Sakagami, Y., 2006. A plant peptide encoded by CLV3 identified by in situ MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Science 313, 845–848.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Numai, T., 2010. Laser Diodes and their Applications to Communications and Information Processing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Bider, I., Halpin, T., Krogstie, J., Nurcan, S., Proper, E., Schmidt, R., Ukor, R. (Eds.), 2010. Enterprise, Business-Process and Information Systems Modeling: 11th International Workshop, BPMDS 2010, and 15th International Conference, EMMSAD 2010, held at CAiSE 2010, Hammamet, Tunisia, June 7-8, 2010. Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

Curran, J.M., Rosen, D.E., 2015. Reconceptualizing Trust: An Evolutionary Process Model, in: Ford, J.B., Honeycutt, E.D., Jr. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 1998 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference, Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 26–26.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Electronic Commerce Research and Applications.

Blog post

Andrew, E., 2014. Scientists Discover A Process That Regulates Forgetting [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/brain/scientists-discover-process-regulates-forgetting/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2004. Business Systems Modernization: Internal Revenue Service Needs to Further Strengthen Program Management (No. GAO-04-438T). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Dalbey, S.B., 2017. Celebrity Endorsements and Voting Intentions: The Role of Liking and Preference for Consistency (Doctoral dissertation). California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Wagner, J., 2017. How to Endure Extra Innings? For Granderson, It’s Sip by Sip. New York Times D1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Pither, 2007).
This sentence cites two references (Marquis and Tans, 2008; Pither, 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Marquis and Tans, 2008)
Three or more authors: (Kondo et al., 2006)

About the journal

Full journal title	Electronic Commerce Research and Applications
Abbreviation	Electron. Commer. Res. Appl.
ISSN (print)	1567-4223
Scope	Management of Technology and Innovation Marketing Computer Networks and Communications Computer Science Applications