How to format your references using the Engineering Fracture Mechanics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Engineering Fracture Mechanics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Kaiser J. American Society of Gene Therapy meeting. Retroviral vectors: a double-edged sword. Science 2005;308:1735–6.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Kai L, Kaldenhoff R. A refined model of water and CO₂ membrane diffusion: effects and contribution of sterols and proteins. Sci Rep 2014;4:6665.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Hines PJ, Wible B, McCartney M. Science, language, and literacy. Learning to read, reading to learn. Introduction. Science 2010;328:447.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Dang W, Steffen KK, Perry R, Dorsey JA, Johnson FB, Shilatifard A, et al. Histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation regulates cellular lifespan. Nature 2009;459:802–7.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Woolson RF, Clarke WR. Statistical Methods for the Analysis of Biomedical Data: Woolson/Statistical. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2002.

An edited book

[1]

Ma K. Intelligent Web Data Management: Software Architectures and Emerging Technologies. vol. 643. 1st ed. 2016. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Varret F, Boukheddaden K, Codjovi E, Goujon A. Molecular Switchable Solids: towards photo-controlled magnetism. In: Lippens P-E, Jumas J-C, Génin J-MR, editors. ICAME 2005: Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on the Applications of the Mössbauer Effect (ICAME 2005) held in Montpellier, France, 4–9 September 2005, Volume I (Part I–II/V), Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2007, p. 37–47.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Engineering Fracture Mechanics.

Blog post

[1]

Hamilton K. Male Mice Woo Females With “Love Songs” Similar to Songbirds. IFLScience 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. ADP Acquisitions: Patent Automation Encountering Major Planning and Procurement Problems. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1986.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Estrada Marroquin EM. Using support groups to help kinship caregivers transition youth to safe and productive community living: A grant proposal. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach, 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Mueller B. Squabbling, Hesitation and Luck Had Roles in Capture. New York Times 2015:A17.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Engineering Fracture Mechanics
Abbreviation	Eng. Fract. Mech.
ISSN (print)	0013-7944
Scope	Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Materials General Materials Science