How to format your references using the European Journal of Higher Education citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for European Journal of Higher Education. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Hötzel, M. J. 2000. “Achievers Should Stay to Aid Brazilian Science.” Nature 407 (6806): 834.

A journal article with 2 authors

Adesnik, Hillel, and Massimo Scanziani. 2010. “Lateral Competition for Cortical Space by Layer-Specific Horizontal Circuits.” Nature 464 (7292): 1155–1160.

A journal article with 3 authors

Guiteras, Raymond, James Levinsohn, and Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak. 2015. “Sanitation Subsidies. Encouraging Sanitation Investment in the Developing World: A Cluster-Randomized Trial.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 348 (6237): 903–906.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Sheng, Yang, Lun-De Liao, Nitish Thakor, and Mei Chee Tan. 2014. “Rare-Earth Doped Particles as Dual-Modality Contrast Agent for Minimally-Invasive Luminescence and Dual-Wavelength Photoacoustic Imaging.” Scientific Reports 4 (October 2014): 6562.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Karmakar, Nemai Chandra, Prasanna Kalansuriya, Rubayet E. Azim, and Randika Koswatta. 2016. Chipless Radio Frequency Identification Reader Signal Processing. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Merkel, Reinhard. 2007. Intervening in the Brain: Changing Psyche and Society. Edited by G. Boer, J. Fegert, T. Galert, D. Hartmann, B. Nuttin, and S. Rosahl. Vol. 29. Ethics of Science and Technology Assessment. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Grothaus, Michael, and Erica Sadun. 2012. “Connecting to the Internet.” In Taking Your iPad to the Max, iOS 5 Edition, edited by Erica Sadun, 119–135. Berkeley, CA: Apress.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for European Journal of Higher Education.

Blog post

Hale, Tom. 2016. “Reykjavík Turns Off Its Street Lights To Enjoy The Aurora.” IFLScience, IFLScience, September 30. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/reykjavk-turns-off-its-street-lights-to-enjoy-the-aurora/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2010. Aviation Security: DHS Has Taken Steps to Enhance International Aviation Security and Facilitate Compliance with International Standards, but Challenges Remain. GAO-11-238T. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Venegas Carro, Gabriel Ignacio. 2017. “The Slow Movements of Anton Bruckner’s Symphonies: Dialogical Perspectives.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Barron, James. 2017. “M.T.A.’s $1 Million Prizes Are at End of the Tunnel.” New York Times, June 30, 2017.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Hötzel 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Hötzel 2000; Adesnik and Scanziani 2010).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Adesnik and Scanziani 2010)
Three authors: (Guiteras, Levinsohn, and Mobarak 2015)
4 or more authors: (Sheng et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	European Journal of Higher Education
Abbreviation	Eur. J. High. Educ.
ISSN (print)	2156-8235
ISSN (online)	2156-8243
Scope