How to format your references using the Extremophiles citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Extremophiles. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Blair HT (2014) Neuroscience. Charting the islands of memory. Science 343:846–847

A journal article with 2 authors

O’Higgins P, Elton S (2007) Anthropology. Walking on trees. Science 316:1292–1294

A journal article with 3 authors

Bonsall MB, Jansen VAA, Hassell MP (2004) Life history trade-offs assemble ecological guilds. Science 306:111–114

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Aoki SK, Diner EJ, de Roodenbeke CT, et al (2010) A widespread family of polymorphic contact-dependent toxin delivery systems in bacteria. Nature 468:439–442

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Thyagarajan KS (2010) Still Image and Video Compression with MATLAB. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Rosca J, Erdogmus D, Príncipe JC, Haykin S (eds) (2006) Independent Component Analysis and Blind Signal Separation: 6th International Conference, ICA 2006, Charleston, SC, USA, March 5-8, 2006. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Shaikh SH, Saeed K, Chaki N (2014) Databases for Research. In: Saeed K, Chaki N (eds) Moving Object Detection Using Background Subtraction. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 49–65

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Extremophiles.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) How Can ‘Cured’ Ebola Patients Fall Sick Again Months After Recovery? In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/how-can-cured-ebola-patients-fall-sick-again-months-after-recovery/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2003) National Airspace System: Better Cost Data Could Improve FAA’s Management of the Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Gibb A (2012) Implementing U.S. security strategy in the 21st century: A three-part examination of the evolving role of the military in American foreign and security policy. Doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

La Gorce T (2012) Fire Up the Pit: My Brisket Can Burn Yours. New York Times NJ8

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Blair 2014).
This sentence cites two references (O’Higgins and Elton 2007; Blair 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (O’Higgins and Elton 2007)
Three or more authors: (Aoki et al. 2010)

About the journal

Full journal title	Extremophiles
Abbreviation	Extremophiles
ISSN (print)	1431-0651
ISSN (online)	1433-4909
Scope	Molecular Medicine Microbiology General Medicine