How to format your references using the Forests, Trees and Livelihoods citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Forests, Trees and Livelihoods. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Widder EA. 2010. Bioluminescence in the ocean: origins of biological, chemical, and ecological diversity. Science. 328(5979):704–708.

A journal article with 2 authors

Pomerantz RT, O’Donnell M. 2010. Direct restart of a replication fork stalled by a head-on RNA polymerase. Science. 327(5965):590–592.

A journal article with 3 authors

Jiang K, Li Q, Fan S. 2002. Nanotechnology: spinning continuous carbon nanotube yarns. Nature. 419(6909):801.

A journal article with 12 or more authors

Ieong M, Doris B, Kedzierski J, Rim K, Yang M. 2004. Silicon device scaling to the sub-10-nm regime. Science. 306(5704):2057–2060.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Cayoun BA. 2015. Mindfulness-integrated CBT for Well-being and Personal Growth. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Pal B. 2005. Robust Control in Power Systems. Chaudhuri B, editor. Boston, MA: Springer US.

A chapter in an edited book

Pánek T, Kapustová V. 2016. Long-Term Geomorphological History of the Czech Republic. In: Pánek T, Hradecký J, editors. Landscapes and Landforms of the Czech Republic. Cham: Springer International Publishing; p. 29–39.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Forests, Trees and Livelihoods.

Blog post

Davis J. 2015. Sleeping On Your Side Is Good For Your Brain. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1976. Audit of Accounts at the U.S. Army Research and Development Command. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Newcomb S. 2009. Reliability of the CVI range: A functional vision assessment for children with cortical visual impairment [Doctoral dissertation]. College Park, MD: University of Maryland, College Park.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Brantley B. 2017. A Revenge Tragedy Colored by Brecht. New York Times.:C5.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Widder 2010).
This sentence cites two references (Pomerantz and O’Donnell 2010; Widder 2010).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Pomerantz and O’Donnell 2010)
Three or more authors: (Ieong et al. 2004)

About the journal

Full journal title	Forests, Trees and Livelihoods
Abbreviation	For. Trees Livelihoods
ISSN (print)	1472-8028
ISSN (online)	2164-3075
Scope	Forestry