How to format your references using the Freshwater Science citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Freshwater Science (FWS). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Mayer-Schönberger, V. 2009. Sociology. Can we reinvent the Internet? Science (New York, N.Y.) 325:396–397.

A journal article with 2 authors

Gray, R. A., and J. P. Wikswo. 2011. Cardiovascular disease: several small shocks beat one big one. Nature 475:181–182.

A journal article with 3 authors

Tischer, T., E. Hörmanseder, and T. U. Mayer. 2012. The APC/C inhibitor XErp1/Emi2 is essential for Xenopus early embryonic divisions. Science (New York, N.Y.) 338:520–524.

A journal article with 100 or more authors

Box, J. A., J. T. Bunch, W. Tang, and P. Baumann. 2008. Spliceosomal cleavage generates the 3’ end of telomerase RNA. Nature 456:910–914.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Chapman, B. R., and E. G. Bolen. 2015. Ecology of North America. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

Neyer, G., G. Andersson, H. Kulu, L. Bernardi, and C. Bühler (Eds.). 2013. The Demography of Europe. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.

A chapter in an edited book

Kaiser, J., and C. Vernaleken. 2012. Civil Aviation. Pages 135–158 in M. Stein and P. Sandl (editors). Information Ergonomics: A theoretical approach and practical experience in transportation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Freshwater Science.

Blog post

Luntz, S. 2015, July 31. Light Transformed For Capture By Solar Cells. IFLScience. IFLScience. (Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/chemistry/light-transformed-capture-solar-cells/)

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2004. Air Traffic Control: FAA’s Acquisition Management Has Improved, but Policies and Oversight Need Strengthening to Help Ensure Results. GAO-05-23, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Matthews, L. K. 2016. The impact of trait displaced aggression and social support on cardiovascular reactivity. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Grippe, J. 2017, January 3. A Goal-Oriented Mother’s 2 Forbidden Words: ‘I Can’t.’ New York Times A18.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Mayer-Schönberger 2009).
This sentence cites two references (Mayer-Schönberger 2009, Gray and Wikswo 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Gray and Wikswo 2011)
Three or more authors: (Box et al. 2008)

About the journal

Full journal title	Freshwater Science
Abbreviation	Freshw. Sci.
ISSN (print)	2161-9549
ISSN (online)	2161-9565
Scope	Aquatic Science Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics Ecology