How to format your references using the Geological Society, London, Memoirs citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Geological Society, London, Memoirs. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Wadsworth, P. 2003. Cell biology. Persistence pays. Science (New York, N.Y.), 300, 1675–1677.

A journal article with 2 authors

Sakaguchi, S. and Wing, K. 2011. Immunology. Damping by depletion. Science (New York, N.Y.), 332, 542–543.

A journal article with 3 authors

Booker, J.R., Favetto, A. and Pomposiello, M.C. 2004. Low electrical resistivity associated with plunging of the Nazca flat slab beneath Argentina. Nature, 429, 399–403.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Spoor, F., Leakey, M.G., et al. 2007. Implications of new early Homo fossils from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Nature, 448, 688–691.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Weiss, A. 2009. Getting Started in Consulting.

An edited book

Meyer, B. and Nordio, M. (eds). 2015. Software Engineering: International Summer Schools, LASER 2013-2014, Elba, Italy, Revised Tutorial Lectures. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

A chapter in an edited book

Auwerx, J. 2016. Belgium. In: Kilpatrick, B., Kobel, P. and Këllezi, P. (eds) Compatibility of Transactional Resolutions of Antitrust Proceedings with Due Process and Fundamental Rights & Online Exhaustion of IP Rights. LIDC Contributions on Antitrust Law, Intellectual Property and Unfair Competition, 103–134.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Geological Society, London, Memoirs.

Blog post

O`Callaghan, J. 2015. Space-Grown Salad To Be Eaten On ISS For The First Time. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2005. Activities of the Amtrak Inspector General. GAO-05-306R.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Randall, M.H. 2006. Information Technology Certification Programs and Perceptions of Attitude and Need by High School Principals, Information Technology Teachers, and Information Technology Professionals in Ohio. Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Palmer, E. and Otis, J. 2017. Seizing a Second Chance to Graduate From High School. New York Times, A19.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Wadsworth 2003).
This sentence cites two references (Wadsworth 2003; Sakaguchi and Wing 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Sakaguchi and Wing 2011)
Three or more authors: (Spoor et al. 2007)

About the journal

Full journal title	Geological Society, London, Memoirs
Abbreviation	Geol. Soc. Lond. Mem.
ISSN (print)	0435-4052
ISSN (online)	2041-4722
Scope	Geology