How to format your references using the Geotechnical and Geological Engineering citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Geotechnical and Geological Engineering. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Dermitzakis ET (2011) Genome-sequencing anniversary. Genome literacy. Science 331:689–690

A journal article with 2 authors

O’Neill BC, Oppenheimer M (2002) Climate change. Dangerous climate impacts and the Kyoto Protocol. Science 296:1971–1972

A journal article with 3 authors

Burlaga LF, Ness NF, Stone EC (2013) Magnetic field observations as Voyager 1 entered the heliosheath depletion region. Science 341:147–150

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Ohkouchi N, Eglinton TI, Keigwin LD, Hayes JM (2002) Spatial and temporal offsets between proxy records in a sediment drift. Science 298:1224–1227

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Pouly M, Kohlas J (2011) Generic Inference. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Muñoz-Ávila H, Ricci F (eds) (2005) Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development: 6th International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning, ICCBR 2005, Chicago, IL, USA, August 23-26, 2005. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Dudai Y (2007) Post-Activation State: A Critical Rite of Passage of Memories. In: Bontempi B, Silva AJ, Christen Y (eds) Memories: Molecules and Circuits. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 69–82

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Geotechnical and Geological Engineering.

Blog post

Taub B (2016) Study Reveals How The Brain “Rebuilds” Itself In An Attempt To Cure Schizophrenia. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/brain/study-reveals-how-brain-rebuilds-itself-attempt-cure-schizophrenia/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1996) Space Station: Cost Control Difficulties Continue. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Hall ZB II (2017) General Relativistic Non-Radial Oscillations in Compact Stars. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kinsley M (2017) Trump the Transparent. New York Times SR3

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Dermitzakis 2011).
This sentence cites two references (O’Neill and Oppenheimer 2002; Dermitzakis 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (O’Neill and Oppenheimer 2002)
Three or more authors: (Ohkouchi et al. 2002)

About the journal

Full journal title	Geotechnical and Geological Engineering
Abbreviation	Geotech. Geol. Eng.
ISSN (print)	0960-3182
ISSN (online)	1573-1529
Scope	Soil Science Geology Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology Architecture