How to format your references using the Global Ecology and Conservation citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Global Ecology and Conservation. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Gewin, V., 2003. Biosphere owner sues sponsor. Nature 422, 461.

A journal article with 2 authors

Conley, M.E., Fruman, D.A., 2013. Genetics. Can cancer drugs treat immunodeficiency? Science 342, 814–815.

A journal article with 3 authors

Tilmann, F., Ni, J., INDEPTH III Seismic Team, 2003. Seismic imaging of the downwelling Indian lithosphere beneath central Tibet. Science 300, 1424–1427.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Joo, S.H., Choi, S.J., Oh, I., Kwak, J., Liu, Z., Terasaki, O., Ryoo, R., 2001. Ordered nanoporous arrays of carbon supporting high dispersions of platinum nanoparticles. Nature 412, 169–172.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Koch, H.J., 2016. Practical Guide to International Standardization for Electrical Engineers. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

Belomestny, D., 2015. Lévy Matters IV: Estimation for Discretely Observed Lévy Processes, Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

A chapter in an edited book

Liu, X., Nie, D., Bai, S., Hao, B., Zhu, T., 2015. Personality Prediction for Microblog Users with Active Learning Method, in: Zu, Q., Hu, B., Gu, N., Seng, S. (Eds.), Human Centered Computing: First International Conference, HCC 2014, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, November 27-29, 2014, Revised Selected Papers, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 41–54.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Global Ecology and Conservation.

Blog post

Davis, J., 2015. Shift In Human Ancestors’ Diet Earlier Than Previously Thought [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2013. In-Car Location-Based Services: Companies Are Taking Steps to Protect Privacy, but Some Risks May Not Be Clear to Consumers (No. GAO-14-81). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Hatton, J.D., 2012. The Changing Dynamics of Health Care: Physician Perceptions of Technology in Medical Practices (Doctoral dissertation). University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse, L., 2006. COURT TO WEIGH RACE AS A FACTOR IN SCHOOL ROLLS. New York Times A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Gewin, 2003).
This sentence cites two references (Conley and Fruman, 2013; Gewin, 2003).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Conley and Fruman, 2013)
Three or more authors: (Joo et al., 2001)

About the journal

Full journal title	Global Ecology and Conservation
Abbreviation	Glob. Ecol. Conserv.
ISSN (print)	2351-9894
Scope