How to format your references using the Hepatology International citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Hepatology International. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Foulger GR. Geophysics. Toward “supervolcano” technology. Science. 2006;313:768–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Flannigan DJ, Suslick KS. Plasma formation and temperature measurement during single-bubble cavitation. Nature. 2005;434:52–5.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Miller SP, Lunzer M, Dean AM. Direct demonstration of an adaptive constraint. Science. 2006;314:458–61.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Valiyaveetil FI, Leonetti M, Muir TW, Mackinnon R. Ion selectivity in a semisynthetic K+ channel locked in the conductive conformation. Science. 2006;314:1004–7.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Gee S. Fraud and Fraud Detection. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2014.

An edited book

1. Pihlström S. Kantian Antitheodicy: Philosophical and Literary Varieties. Kivistö S, editor. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Boukas E-K, AL-Sunni FM. Design Based on Transfer Function. In: AL-Sunni FM, editor. Mechatronic Systems: Analysis, Design and Implementation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012. p. 129–213.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Hepatology International.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. Higher IQ Linked To Reduced Risk of Schizophrenia [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. https://www.iflscience.com/brain/higher-iq-linked-reduced-risk-schizophrenia/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Opportunities To Fully Integrate Environmental Research and Development into Developing Energy Technologies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1978 Apr. Report No.: EMD-78-43.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Hardin J. A study of social cognitive theory: The relationship between professional learning communities and collective teacher efficacy in international school settings [Doctoral dissertation]. [Minneapolis, MN]: Capella University; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Hirsch GA. 60 Years Ago, An Olympic Trifecta Of Endurance. New York Times. 2012 Jun 24;SP11.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Hepatology International
Abbreviation	Hepatol. Int.
ISSN (print)	1936-0533
ISSN (online)	1936-0541
Scope	Hepatology