How to format your references using the IBM Journal of Research and Development citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for IBM Journal of Research and Development. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

A. Moore, “Science teaching must evolve,” Nature, vol. 453, no. 7191, pp. 31–32, May 2008.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

M. Navarro and K. Gull, “A pol I transcriptional body associated with VSG mono-allelic expression in Trypanosoma brucei,” Nature, vol. 414, no. 6865, pp. 759–763, Dec. 2001.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

M. R. Swain, G. Vasisht, and G. Tinetti, “The presence of methane in the atmosphere of an extrasolar planet,” Nature, vol. 452, no. 7185, pp. 329–331, Mar. 2008.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

A. M. Hessler, D. R. Lowe, R. L. Jones, and D. K. Bird, “A lower limit for atmospheric carbon dioxide levels 3.2 billion years ago,” Nature, vol. 428, no. 6984, pp. 736–738, Apr. 2004.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

T. K. Datta, Seismic Analysis of Structures. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2010.

An edited book

[1]

M. G. Bourassa and J.-C. Tardif, Eds., Antioxidants and Cardiovascular Disease, Second Edition., vol. 258. in Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, vol. 258. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2006.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

O. H. Halvorsen and D. Clarke, “The I/O Kit Framework,” in OS X and iOS Kernel Programming, D. Clarke, Ed., Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2011, pp. 51–68.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for IBM Journal of Research and Development.

Blog post

[1]

J. Fang, “Elephant Seals Shed Mercury Along With Their Fur,” IFLScience. Accessed: Oct. 30, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/elephant-seals-shed-mercury-along-their-fur/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, “Missile Development: Status and Issues at the Time of the TSSAM Termination Decision,” U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, NSIAD-95-46, Jan. 1995.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

D. T. Learn, “Differentiating instruction on the basis of cognitive tools: A case study of honors and mainstream middle school classes,” Doctoral dissertation, Capella University, Minneapolis, MN, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

M. Billard, “One Store Scoops Up The Lot,” New York Times, p. E5, Sep. 02, 2010.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1], [2].
This sentence cites four references [1], [2], [3], [4].

About the journal

Full journal title	IBM Journal of Research and Development
Abbreviation	IBM J. Res. Dev.
ISSN (print)	0018-8646
Scope	General Computer Science