How to format your references using the International Journal of Cancer citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Cancer. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Macilwain C. Time to cry out for academic freedom. Nature 2015;527:277.

A journal article with 2 authors

Stern DL, Orgogozo V. Is genetic evolution predictable? Science 2009;323:746–51.

A journal article with 3 authors

Hammami A, Raymond N, Armand M. Lithium-ion batteries: runaway risk of forming toxic compounds. Nature 2003;424:635–6.

A journal article with 13 or more authors

Dausmann KH, Glos J, Ganzhorn JU, Heldmaier G. Physiology: hibernation in a tropical primate. Nature 2004;429:825–6.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Callahan KR, Stetz GS, Brooks LM. Project Management Accounting. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011.

An edited book

Yao T, ed. Zero-Carbon Energy Kyoto 2009. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2010. 390 pp

A chapter in an edited book

Scheerens J. Relevance of the Findings for Educational Policy and Future Research. In: Scheerens J, ed. Effectiveness of Time Investments in Education: Insights from a review and meta-analysis. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. 143–57.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Cancer.

Blog post

Davis J. Creating Babies Without Eggs May One Day Be Possible Thanks To Groundbreaking New Research. IFLScience2016;

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. K-12 Education: School-Based Physical Education and Sports Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2012.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ochoa-Bontemps RS. Rebuilding the Broken Mirror: An Imaginal Approach to the Multicultural Self. 2012;

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Schmidt MS, Apuzzo M. Comey Didn’t Want to Be Alone With President, He Told Sessions. New York Times2017;A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Cancer
Abbreviation	Int. J. Cancer
ISSN (print)	0020-7136
ISSN (online)	1097-0215
Scope	Cancer Research Oncology