How to format your references using the International Journal of Emergency Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Emergency Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Young RC. The sounds of silence. Nature. 2000;408:141.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Gorostiza P, Isacoff EY. Optical switches for remote and noninvasive control of cell signaling. Science. 2008;322:395–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Phelps J, Webb EL, Agrawal A. Land use. Does REDD+ threaten to recentralize forest governance? Science. 2010;328:312–3.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Yoshimura T, Yasuo S, Watanabe M, Iigo M, Yamamura T, Hirunagi K, et al. Light-induced hormone conversion of T4 to T3 regulates photoperiodic response of gonads in birds. Nature. 2003;426:178–81.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Bartlett K. The Experience of History. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2016.

An edited book

1. Klein S, Poulymenakou A, editors. Managing Dynamic Networks: Organizational Perspectives of Technology Enabled Inter-firm Collaboration. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2006.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Masod MY, Mohamad M, Yahya MFZR. Microscopic Image and Text Examination of Conventional and Digital Printouts. In: Hassan OH, Abidin SZ, Legino R, Anwar R, Kamaruzaman MF, editors. International Colloquium of Art and Design Education Research (i-CADER 2014). Singapore: Springer; 2015. p. 35–45.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Emergency Medicine.

Blog post

1. Andrew D. Cosmic Coincidence: The International Space Station Passes By Venus And Saturn [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. https://www.iflscience.com/space/cosmic-coincidence-the-international-space-station-passes-by-venus-and-saturn/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Corrections and Pretrial Diversion Projects Funded by Grants From LEAA. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1973 Apr. Report No.: B-171019.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Miller MW. The Mediterranean Ethiopian: Intellectual discourse and the fixity of myth in classical antiquity [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Hodgman J. Bonus Advice From Judge John Hodgman. New York Times. 2016 Oct 21;MM20.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Emergency Medicine
Abbreviation	Int. J. Emerg. Med.
ISSN (print)	1865-1372
ISSN (online)	1865-1380
Scope	Emergency Medicine