How to format your references using the International Journal of Medical Microbiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Medical Microbiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Liedl, T., 2015. Nanotechnology: Pathfinder for DNA constructs. Nature 523, 412–413.

A journal article with 2 authors

Blackburn, E.H., Epel, E.S., 2012. Telomeres and adversity: Too toxic to ignore. Nature 490, 169–171.

A journal article with 3 authors

Shcherbina, A.Y., Talley, L.D., Rudnick, D.L., 2003. Direct observations of North Pacific ventilation: brine rejection in the Okhotsk Sea. Science 302, 1952–1955.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Smith, R.J., Muir, R.D.J., Walpole, M.J., Balmford, A., Leader-Williams, N., 2003. Governance and the loss of biodiversity. Nature 426, 67–70.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kumacheva, E., Garstecki, P., 2011. Microfluidic Reactors for Polymer Particles. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

Lau, W.Y. (Ed.), 2013. Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.

A chapter in an edited book

Hu, J., 2015. Adoption of Mobile Technology in Higher Education: Introduction, in: Zhang, Y. (aimee) (Ed.), Handbook of Mobile Teaching and Learning. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 331–336.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Medical Microbiology.

Blog post

Davis, J., 2017. Are Health And Fitness Apps Actually Good For You? [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/are-health-and-fitness-apps-actually-good-for-you/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1988. Degradable Plastics: Standards, Research and Development (No. T-RCED-88-64). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Abuzainab, N., 2013. Energy and security aspects of wireless networks: Performance and tradeoffs (Doctoral dissertation). University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Oestreich, J.R., 2016. Verdi’s Requiem, in All Its Theatricality and Resonance. New York Times C4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Liedl, 2015).
This sentence cites two references (Blackburn and Epel, 2012; Liedl, 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Blackburn and Epel, 2012)
Three or more authors: (Smith et al., 2003)

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Medical Microbiology
Abbreviation	Int. J. Med. Microbiol.
ISSN (print)	1438-4221
Scope	Microbiology General Medicine Infectious Diseases Microbiology (medical)