How to format your references using the International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

N. Kurita, Climate change. Dancing to the tune of the glacial cycles, Science 336 (2012) 1242–1243.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

C.M. Fedo, M.J. Whitehouse, Metasomatic origin of quartz-pyroxene rock, Akilia, Greenland, and implications for Earth’s earliest life, Science 296 (2002) 1448–1452.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

M.J. Vendrasco, T.E. Wood, B.N. Runnegar, Articulated Palaeozoic fossil with 17 plates greatly expands disparity of early chitons, Nature 429 (2004) 288–291.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

M.C. Malin, K.S. Edgett, L.V. Posiolova, S.M. McColley, E.Z.N. Dobrea, Present-day impact cratering rate and contemporary gully activity on Mars, Science 314 (2006) 1573–1577.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

A.A. Jawlik, Statistics from A to Z: Confusing Concepts Clarified, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2016.

An edited book

[1]

M. Hohenfellner, R.A. Santucci, eds., Emergencies in Urology, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

F.C. Tenover, J.E. McGowan, The Epidemiology of Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents, in: P.S. Brachman, E. Abrutyn (Eds.), Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control, Springer US, Boston, MA, 2009: pp. 91–104.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials.

Blog post

[1]

D. Andrew, Mike Pence, The US Vice President-Elect, Has Said He Doesn’t Believe That Smoking Kills, IFLScience (2016).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, HUD Urban Studies Fellowship Program, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1972.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

S.H. Jang, Interpretation of extended techniques in unaccompanied flute works by East-Asian composers: Isang Yun, Toru Takemitsu, and Kazuo Fukushima, Doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati, 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

G. Vecsey, U.S. Should Know There’s No Sulking in Soccer, New York Times (2010) B15.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials
Abbreviation	Int. J. Refract. Hard Met.
ISSN (print)	0263-4368
Scope	Metals and Alloys