How to format your references using the International Orthopaedics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Orthopaedics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kwok PY (2001) Genomics. Genetic association by whole-genome analysis? Science 294:1669–1670

A journal article with 2 authors

Majumder MA, Cohen CB (2009) Research ethics. The NIH draft guidelines on human stem cell research. Science 324:1648–1649

A journal article with 3 authors

Ghosh P, Garzione CN, Eiler JM (2006) Rapid uplift of the Altiplano revealed through 13C-18O bonds in paleosol carbonates. Science 311:511–515

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Larbalestier D, Gurevich A, Feldmann DM, Polyanskii A (2001) High-Tc superconducting materials for electric power applications. Nature 414:368–377

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Mohanty S, Ghosh R (2010) Planning a Scientific Career in Industry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Erozan YS (2014) Pulmonary Cytopathology, 2nd ed. 2014. Springer US, Boston, MA

A chapter in an edited book

Purać J, Kojić D, Petri E, et al (2016) Cold Adaptation Responses in Insects and Other Arthropods: An “Omics” Approach. In: Raman C, Goldsmith MR, Agunbiade TA (eds) Short Views on Insect Genomics and Proteomics: Insect Proteomics, Vol.2. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 89–112

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Orthopaedics.

Blog post

Carpineti A (2016) New Protective Material Could Lead To Groundbreaking Body Armor. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1997) FCC: Facilitate Future Development of Paging Systems and Implementation of Section 309(j) of the Communications Act, and Competitive Bidding. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Smith B (2013) Analysis of hydraulic and financial operations of a recycled water system: A case study of the Orange County water district’s green acres project. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow K (2003) A Noble Little Troupe Faces A Cruel Foe: the Rent. New York Times 145

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	International Orthopaedics
Abbreviation	Int. Orthop.
ISSN (print)	0341-2695
ISSN (online)	1432-5195
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine