How to format your references using the Invertebrate Biology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Invertebrate Biology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Motani R 2002. Scaling effects in caudal fin propulsion and the speed of ichthyosaurs. Nature 415: 309–312.

A journal article with 2 authors

Prives C & Lowe SW 2015. Cancer: Mutant p53 and chromatin regulation. Nature 525: 199–200.

A journal article with 3 authors

Powell KI, Chase JM, & Knight TM 2013. Invasive plants have scale-dependent effects on diversity by altering species-area relationships. Science 339: 316–318.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Huisken J, Swoger J, Del Bene F, Wittbrodt J, & Stelzer EHK 2004. Optical sectioning deep inside live embryos by selective plane illumination microscopy. Science 305: 1007–1009.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Landragin F 2013. Man-Machine Dialogue. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ USA.

An edited book

Wong CWY 2015. Environmental Management: The Supply Chain Perspective Lai K-H, Lun YHV, & Cheng TCE, eds. Springer International Publishing, Cham. XI, 140 p pp.

A chapter in an edited book

Krüger R & Stumpf A 2013. Overcoming Growth Barriers. In:Brand Growth Barriers: Identify, Understand, and Overcome Them. Stumpf A, ed., pp. 75–107. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Invertebrate Biology.

Blog post

Andrew E 2015. MRI Study Finds That Infants Experience Pain In The Same Way Adults Do. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office 1997. Federal Research: Observations on the Small Business Technology Transfer Program. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Simmons C 2008. Correlates and predictors of cognitive complexity among counseling and social work students in graduate training programs. Doctoral dissertation, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Krauss C & Schwartz J 2016. Views on State Dept. Pick Hinge on Oil Industry. New York Times: A19.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Motani 2002).
This sentence cites two references (Motani 2002, Prives & Lowe 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Prives & Lowe 2015)
Three or more authors: (Huisken et al. 2004)

About the journal

Full journal title	Invertebrate Biology
Abbreviation	Invertebr. Biol.
ISSN (print)	1077-8306
ISSN (online)	1744-7410
Scope	Animal Science and Zoology