How to format your references using the Journal of African Trade citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of African Trade. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Polman, A., 2008. Applied physics. Plasmonics applied. Science 322, 868–869.

A journal article with 2 authors

Flowers, R.M., Farley, K.A., 2013. Response to Comments on “Apatite 4He/3He and (U-Th)/He Evidence for an Ancient Grand Canyon.” Science 340, 143.

A journal article with 3 authors

Sparks, R.S.J., Biggs, J., Neuberg, J.W., 2012. Geophysics. Monitoring volcanoes. Science 335, 1310–1311.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Fradin, C., Braslau, A., Luzet, D., Smilgies, D., Alba, M., Boudet, N., Mecke, K., Daillant, J., 2000. Reduction in the surface energy of liquid interfaces at short length scales. Nature 403, 871–874.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Sizer, A., Balachandar, C., Biswas, N., Foon, R., Griffiths, A., Hodgett, S., Sahu, B., Underwood, M., 2016. Part 2 MRCOG: Single Best Answer Questions. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

Mandal, J.K., Satapathy, S.C., Kumar Sanyal, M., Sarkar, P.P., Mukhopadhyay, A. (Eds.), 2015. Information Systems Design and Intelligent Applications: Proceedings of Second International Conference INDIA 2015, Volume 2, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer India, New Delhi.

A chapter in an edited book

Thalheim, B., Jaakkola, H., 2016. The Cultural Background and Support for Smart Web Information Systems, in: Link, S., Trujillo, J.C. (Eds.), Advances in Conceptual Modeling: ER 2016 Workshops, AHA, MoBiD, MORE-BI, MReBA, QMMQ, SCME, and WM2SP, Gifu, Japan, November 14–17, 2016, Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 30–45.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of African Trade.

Blog post

Andrews, R., 2016. Low-Carbohydrate Diets May Be Useless For Weight Loss [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/low-carbohydrate-diets-useless-weight-loss/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2010. Students With Disabilities: More Information and Guidance Could Improve Opportunities in Physical Education and Athletics (No. GAO-10-519). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Llerena, K., 2010. The social behaviors and emotional characteristics of individuals elevated on social anhedonia (Doctoral dissertation). University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Eligon, J., 2016. Two of the Best Get a Reward: Each Other. New York Times D3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Polman, 2008).
This sentence cites two references (Flowers and Farley, 2013; Polman, 2008).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Flowers and Farley, 2013)
Three or more authors: (Fradin et al., 2000)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of African Trade
Abbreviation	J. Afr. Trade
ISSN (print)	2214-8515
Scope